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→The Early Court
The most influential figure in the early Supreme Court was justice John Marshal (1801-1835. This was the period when the concept of judicial review became an established precedent that has influenced subsequent acts by the court to review legislation as they come up. The concept of a review of Constitutional issues became fully established by this time and many practices, including issuing a single majority opinion by the Court, became established during this time. One influential case was the impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase. He was accused of partisan bias and the case that involved his impeachment influenced and shaped the idea that the Supreme Court is an independent part of the government. In effect, the Court attempted to make a break from partisan politics and established a precedent to be an independent reviewer of legislation and judgment of following the laws of the United States.<ref>For more on the Marshal Court, see: Brookhiser, R. (2018). <i>John Marshall: the man who made the Supreme Court</i>. New York: Basic Books.</ref>
Arguably the most impactful Supreme Court decision helped create the fault lines that became the Civil War. The <i>Dred Scott v. Sandford</i> in 1857 case, under Chief Justice Robert Taney, established that American citizenship was not to be given to black people, regardless if they were free or slave. Effectively this made all blacks not have citizenship rights. Ultimately the 14th Amendment overturned this decision. The <i>Dred Scott v. Sandford</i> case also influenced what ultimately would become the concept of substantive due process, which protected the rights of individuals even if their rights were not explicit in the Constitution. This would help prevent a repeat of The <i>Dred Scott v Sandfor</i> case and became established as precedent under the Chief Justice Waite and Fuller courts in the late 19th century.<reref>For more on the impact of the Dred Scott case, see: Fehrenbacher, D. E. (2001). <i>The Dred Scott Case: its significance in American law and politics</i>. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Pr. </ref>
[[File:Jay.jpg|thumb|Figure 1.John Jay was the first Chief Justice and heard the first case presented before the Court.]]