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The Late Bronze Age (ca. 1500-1200 BC) was a period of great abundance and political stability in the ancient Near East. During the period, some of the greatest peoples of the ancient world, such as the Egyptians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, built magnificent palaces and temples and developed the first true global system of trade and diplomacy. Among the major powers that built this global system was the lesser -known, but no less important, Hittite people who ruled over a vast kingdom that included most of the modern -day nation-state of Turkey, as well as and portions of the Lebanon and Syria.

Although most non-academics know little about the Hittites, there is no doubt that they greatly influenced the course of history in the Late Bronze Age Near East. Through a number of many wars and hard -fought battles that took place over a several centuries period, the Hittites were able to build built a military machine that rivalled rivaled anything their Near Eastern contemporaries could field. Eventually, the Hittites used that army to expand their territory, which contributed to the collapse of one of the other great Bronze Age Near Eastern kingdoms – Mitanni. Once the Hittites subdued Mitanni, they turned their attention to the Levant in the south, which is where they eventually came into conflict with the Egyptians. The wars between the Hittites and Egyptians ultimately ended in a peace treaty and alliance between the two kingdoms, but the other great kingdoms were put on notice that the Hittites were a military and diplomatic force that could not be ignored.

====Hittite Culture====

In order to To understand the influence that the Hittites wielded in the Late Bronze Age, an analysis of their cultural background is warranted. Unlike most of their Near East contemporaries who had Semitic linguistic-cultural backgrounds, the Hittites were of Indo-European origins. Technically, the language they spoke was “Arzawan,” which was also the name of a neighboring kingdom that they were often at war with, so in order to . To avoid confusion , modern scholars began referring to the Arzawan speakers from central Anatolia as Hittites and their dialect of Arzawan as Hittite. <ref> Macqueen, J.G. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0500278873/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0500278873&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=0eaca72b72a6a0f0787f67d99138ae6b The Hittites and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor].</i> 3rd ed. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003), pgs. 23-25</ref> Actually, “Hittite” is derived from the ancient Egyptian word for the people and their land; the ancient Hittites referred to themselves as “Neshites“Nephites.” To make things a bit more confusing, there were three Indo-European languages that existed simultaneously in Anatolia during the Hittite Empire (ca. 2000-1200 BC) – Hittite/Arzawan, Luwian, and Palic – which are the oldest written Indo-European languages. <ref> Anthony, David W. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/069114818X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=069114818X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=91acd1fb26fd0e39cec9c838c7246396 The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World].</i> (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 43</ref>

Although at one time scholars believed that Anatolia (the region roughly congruent with modern -day Turkey) may might have been the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans' ancestral home, most now think they originated in the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains in central Asia. Several groups of Indo-Europeans European groups separated from the main body to populate such areas as Europe, Persia, and northern India, with the . The people who would become the Hittites arriving in Anatolia in the early third millennium BC. <ref> Macqueen, p. 27</ref> Once the Indo-Europeans arrived in Anatolia, they fought with the native peoples, and each other, until the Hittites occupied central Anatolia and the other Indo-Europeans took control of the coastal and southwestern portion.

Modern scholars of the ancient Hittites, much like with ancient Egypt, divide the culture chronologically into two “kingdoms” – Old and New. The Hittite Old Kingdom began with King Hattusili I (ruled ca. 1650-1620 BC), who conquered the Hattusa's city of Hattusa, making it the Hittite capital and center of Hittite culture for nearly 500 years. <ref> Macqueen, p. 36</ref> Hattusili I is credited with establishing many of the hallmarks of Hittite culture's hallmarks, such as royal kingship ideology and the first Hittite dynasty, but most importantly , were a number of several innovations in warfare.

Although the Hittites were extremely successful on the battlefield, which was part of the reason why they were so influential as a people during the Late Bronze Age, the basic features of their army was were not unlike their contemporaries. The Hittite king would ride into battle on a chariot, leading his army, which was in turn shepherded by an elite chariot corps. The fundamental difference between the Hittite army and the Egyptian army was the chariots' construction and size of the chariots. Hittite chariots were larger and less maneuverable than their Egyptian counterparts. Still, but they were able to carry three people – the driver, a warrior with a stabbing spear, and a “shield -bearer” who protected the driver and warrior – as opposed to Egyptian chariots, which only carried a driver and a soldier who doubled as a shield bearer and archer. Egyptian chariots were used to volley arrows into the enemy lines in a hit and run attacksattack, causing confusion and allowing their infantry to mop up the enemy. In contrast, the Hittites used their heavy chariots as the vanguard of an assault that was thrust directly into the enemy lines in close -quarter combat. <ref> Macqueen, pgs. 57-58</ref> Once some of these battlefield technologies and techniques were mastered, later Hittite kings used them to expand the Hittite Kingdom.

Hattusili I was followed by an equally able ruler named Mursili I (reigned ca. 1620-1590 BC). Mursili I expanded the Hittite kingdom within Anatolia, coming into conflict with the Indo-European kingdoms of Arzawa and Ahhiyawa and also turning his attention to the south. During his rule, the Hittite army first marched into the Levant, temporarily holding the region around Aleppo and even sacked Babylon in the interregnum between the Amorite and Kassite dynasties. The cuneiform inscriptions known as the Babylonian Chronicle Chronicles, states that “At the time of Samsu-ditana distance the Hittites marched against Akkad.” <ref> Grayson, A. Kirk, trans. <i> [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1575060493/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1575060493&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=e29a8a0d81b1c856f82549acbdfd2991 Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles].</i> (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2000), p. 156</ref> The Hittite expansion under Mursili I proved to be ephemeral, though, as the king was assassinated by his brother, which sent the Hittite Kingdom into a seventy year dark age. <ref> Kuhrt, Amélie. <i> [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415167620/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415167620&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=e70bd85bb3b02513c87276a0a1579e70 The Ancient Near East: c. 3000-330 BC].</i> Volume 1. (London: Routledge, 2010), p. 244</ref>

====The Hittite New Kingdom====The Hittite dark age ended when Tudhaliya I (ruled ca. 1430-1410 BC) came to the throne in Hattusa, but it was Suppiluliuma I (reigned ca. 1370-1330 BC) who truly made the Hittite Empire into a strong, militaristic state that was on par with the other great Near Eastern kingdoms of the period. Because of his efforts, Suppiluliuma I is often referred to by modern historians as Suppiluliuma “the Great.” Suppiluliuma I’s success was achieved not just through sheer brute force, but a combination of well-time timed and well-planned military campaigns combined with a clear and consistent diplomatic policy proved to be a winning formula. Not long after assuming the kingship, Suppiluliuma I recovered lost Hittite lands in Anatolia and then contracted a marriage with a Babylonian princess. <ref> Macqueen, p. 46</ref> The marriage allowed Suppiluliuma I to focus the Hittite army on Mitanni, which was a bordering kingdom and therefore a more immediate threat.

Mitanni was one of the so<dh-called “Great Powers” of the Near East when Suppiluliuma I came to power, but was severely weakened by internal problems and constant war with the Hittites. The king of Mitanni during most of Suppiluliuma’s reign, Tushratta, saw that his kingdom was in jeopardy so he made an alliance with the Egyptians; but the Egyptians under Tutankhamun (ruled ca. 1345-1335 BC) were more concerned with their own post-Amarna Period internal problems. Sensing a supreme opportunity, Suppiluliuma I led his army south into Mitanni and sacked the capital city of Washshukanni. A Hittite text recorded the event:ad/>

“I, the Sun Suppiluliuma, the great king, the king Mitanni was one of the Hatti land, the valiant, the favorite so-called “Great Powers” of the Storm-god, went Near East when Suppiluliuma I came to power but was severely weakened by internal problems and constant warwith the Hittites. Because of The king Tusratta’s presumptuousness I crossed the Euphrates and invaded the country of Isuwa. . . I, the Sun Suppiluliuma, the great king, the king Mitanni during most of the Hatti landSuppiluliuma’s reign, the valiantTushratta, saw that his kingdom was in jeopardy so he made an alliance with the favorite of Egyptians; but the Storm-god, reached the country of Alse and captured the provincial center KutmarEgyptians under Tutankhamun (ruled ca. To Antar1345-atal of the country of Alse I presented it as a gift. I proceeded to the provincial center Suta and ransacked it. I reached Wassukanni. The inhabitants of the provincial center Suta together with their cattle, sheep (and1335 BC) horses, together were more concerned with their possessions and together with their deportees I brought to the Hatti land, Tusratta, the king, had departed, he did not come to meet me in battleown post-Amarna Period internal problems.” <ref> Pritchard, James B, ed. <i>Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament.</i> 3rd ed. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 318</ref> Tushratta was assassinated by his inner circle and his son fled to Hatti to live as Sensing a refugee. <ref> Kuhrtsupreme opportunity, p. 253</ref> Suppiluliuma I had effectively toppled the once mighty led his army south into Mitanni Kingdom and made it a vassal sacked the capital city of the HittitesWashshukanni. With Mitanni eliminated, A Hittite text recorded the Hittites were then able to turn their attention to the abundant resources of the Levant.event:

“I, the Sun Suppiluliuma, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant, the favorite of the Storm-god, went to war. Because of king Tusratta’s presumptuousness I crossed the Euphrates and invaded the country of Isuwa. . . I, the Sun Suppiluliuma, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant, the favorite of the Storm-god, reached the country of Alse and captured the provincial center Kutmar. To Antar-atal of the country of Alse I presented it as a gift. I proceeded to the provincial center Suta and ransacked it. I reached Wassukanni. The inhabitants of the provincial center Suta together with their cattle, sheep (and) horses, together with their possessions and together with their deportees I brought to the Hatti land, Tusratta, the king, had departed, he did not come to meet me in battle.” <ref> Pritchard, James B, ed. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0691035032/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0691035032&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=64ac33031f999ef079ed9c5124752160 Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament].</i> 3rd ed. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 318</ref> Tushratta was assassinated by his inner circle and his son fled to Hatti to live like a refugee. <ref> Kuhrt, p. 253</ref> Suppiluliuma I had effectively toppled the once mighty Mitanni Kingdom and made it a vassal of the Hittites. With Mitanni eliminated, the Hittites were then able to turn their attention to the Levant's abundant resources. ====Wars with Egypt====

[[File: Ramesses II Memphis.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Statue of Ramesses II from Memphis]]Suppiluliuma’s long life and effective rule did not end gloriously on the battlefield or of old age. Still, but was they were probably the result of a plague that infected Egyptian prisoners brought back to Hattusa. <ref> Kuhrt, p. 254</ref> Although the king’s death was certainly tragic and somewhat of a setback for the growing Hittite Empire, it also demonstrated the Hittites’ increased influence in the region and the early stages of their long -enduring conflicts with the Egyptians. But before the Hittites would engage in any serious military operations against the Egyptians, they needed to retake their own lands once more.

The Hittites began to slowly claim land in the northern Levant, which was traditionally under the aegis of Egyptian influence, until the Egyptian King Ramesses II (ruled ca. 1290-1224 BC) decided to check Hittite aggression around the year 1286 year a village named Kadesh. The Hittite army, which was led by King Muwatalli II (reigned ca. 1295-1272 BC), was waiting for the Egyptian army. Although the battle was essentially a strategic stalemate, it proved to be a tactical victory for the Hittites because they were able to could strengthen their hold in the region around Damascus. <ref> Kuhrt, p. 258</ref> From that point on, the borders of the Egyptian and Hittite empires was fixed, forcing the two parties to adopt diplomacy to forward their agendas. While Suppiluliuma I, Mursili II, and Muwatalli II made the Hittite Empire powerful through effective military campaigns, King Hattusili III (ruled ca. 1267-1237 BC) realized the power of diplomacy in geo-politics. Subjugating Mitanni may have seemed like a good idea at the time to the Hittites, but it had the adverse effect of allowing the Assyrians to become one of the Great Powers of the Near East. And the Assyrians were much more warlike than Mittani. Realizing that his kingdom was in an extremely precarious political position, Hattusili III signed a military alliance with the Egyptians. The details of the alliance were recorded on temple walls and papyrus scrolls throughout Egypt and serve as proof of one of the world’s oldest known recorded peace treaties. Part of it states:[[File: Ramesses II Memphis.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Statue of Ramesses II from Memphis]]“If another enemy comes against the lands of Usermare-Step-are (Ramesses II), the great ruler of Egypt, and he shall send to the great chief of Kheta, saying: ‘Come with me as reinforcement against him,’ the great chief of Hatti shall [come], and the great chief of Hatti shall slay his enemy. But if it is not the desire of the great chief of Hatti to come, he shall send his infantry and his chariotry and shall slay his enemy. <ref> Breasted, Henry, ed. and trans. <i>Ancient Records of Egypt.</i> Volume 3, The Nineteenth Dynasty (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2001), p. 169</ref> The military alliance between the Egyptians and Hittites was never activated. In less than fifty years, the entire Bronze Age system collapsed under the Sea Peoples’ invasions' weight, and the Hittite Empire was destroyed.

While Suppiluliuma I====Conclusion====Today, Mursili IIthe Hittites are not one of the ancient Near East's better-known peoples, but they were just as powerful and Muwatalli II made influential as most contemporaries. The Hittites were able to influence history during the Hittite Empire powerful Late Bronze Age through effective military campaignstheir martial abilities, King Hattusili III (ruled ca. 1267-1237 BC) realized first by reducing the power of diplomacy in geoonce-politics. Subjugating powerful Mitanni may have seemed like a good idea at the time Kingdom to vassalage status and then claiming lands in the Hittites, but it had the adverse effect of allowing the Assyrians to become one of the Great Powers of the Near East. And the Assyrians northern Levant that were much more warlike than Mittanionce held by Egypt. Realizing that his kingdom was in an extremely precarious political positionAlong with their aggressive military policy, Hattusili III signed the Hittites pursued a military alliance with the Egyptians. The details of the alliance were recorded on temple walls diplomatic program that allowed them to consolidate their gains and on papyrus scrolls throughout Egypt and serve as proof of one of the world’s oldest known recorded peace treatiesstabilize their kingdom. Part of it states:

“If another enemy come against the lands of Usermare-Setep-enre (Ramesses II), the great ruler of Egypt, and he shall send to the great chief of Kheta, saying: ‘Come with me as reinforcement against him,’ the great chief of Hatti shall [come], and the great chief of Hatti shall slay his enemy. But if it be not the desire of the great chief of Hatti to come, he shall send his infantry and his chariotry, and shall slay his enemy. <refyoutube> Breasted, Henry, edhttps://www. and transyoutube. <i>Ancient Records of Egypt.<com/i> Volume 3, The Nineteenth Dynasty (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2001), p. 169watch?v=amcowif39mI</refyoutube>

====Suggested Readings====* Macqueen, J.G. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0500278873/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0500278873&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=0eaca72b72a6a0f0787f67d99138ae6b The military alliance between the Egyptians Hittites and Hittites was never activatedTheir Contemporaries in Asia Minor].</i> 3rd ed. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003)* Anthony, David W. <i>[https://www.amazon. In less than fifty years com/gp/product/069114818X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=069114818X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=91acd1fb26fd0e39cec9c838c7246396 The Horse, the entire Wheel, and Language: How Bronze -Age system collapsed under Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the weight of Modern World].</i> (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008)* Kuhrt, Amélie. <i> [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415167620/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415167620&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=e70bd85bb3b02513c87276a0a1579e70 The Ancient Near East: c. 3000-330 BC].</i> Volume 1. (London: Routledge, 2010)* Pritchard, James B, ed. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0691035032/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0691035032&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=64ac33031f999ef079ed9c5124752160 Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Sea Peoples’ invasions Old Testament].</i> 3rd ed. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992)* Grayson, A. Kirk, trans. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1575060493/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1575060493&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=e29a8a0d81b1c856f82549acbdfd2991 Assyrian and the Hittite Empire was destroyedBabylonian Chronicles].</i> (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2000)

===Conclusion=References====Today, the Hittites are not one of the better known peoples of the ancient Near East, but they were just as powerful and influential as most of their contemporaries. The Hittites were able to influence the course of history during the Late Bronze Age through their martial abilities, first by reducing the once powerful Mitanni Kingdom to vassalage status and then claiming lands in the northern Levant that were once held by Egypt. Along with their aggressive military policy, the Hittites pursued a diplomatic program that allowed them to consolidate their gains and stabilize their kingdom.<references/>