Changes

In Pennsylvania, the idea of a state prison developed, where prison was seen as a form of repentance that one did for their crimes. Work and time served were seen as part of the punishment, but prison was seen as a way to reform the person. However, the idea of reform was that prisoners were mostly kept by themselves and given a Bible. The idea was to give time to the person to understand their wrongs and reform. Other prisons, such as New York's Newgate prison, developed from this idea.<ref>For more on prisons in the American Colonies and early US history, see: Kann, M.E. (2005) <i>Punishment, prisons, and patriarchy: liberty and power in the early American republic</i>. New York, New York University Press. </ref>

The publication by John Howard, <i>State of Prisons </i>, influenced the design of prisons in Britain and Europe. The idea of clearly divided cells, paid professional staff working prisons, having separate administration in prisons, and dividing the sexes within prisons began to develop. He also advocated the use of work and religious instruction as a way to help individuals and that prisons should be inspected to prevent potential for abuse. He stated that feeding and care of prisoners should be at a high standard. These reforms continued into the early 19th century, when at this point religious movements, such as the Quakers, began to minister in prisons, where they provided not only religious instruction but also tried to continue improving the treatment of prisoners.<ref>For more on the influence of John Howard, see: Howard, J. (2013) <i>The State of the Prisons in England and Wales: With Preliminary Observations and an Account of Some Foreign Prisons</i>. Cambridge Library Collection. Cambridge, UK.</ref>

The philosopher Jeremy Bentham advocated the role of prisons to more greatly focus as incarceration facilities that also provided for rehabilitation of prisoners proved to be influential in leading to the development of modern prisons. Millbank Prison in London (Figure 2), built in 1816, is often considered the first truly modern prison, where there was a large yard, prisoners had fixed sentences of periods of incarceration, and it served as a national penitentiary that the state used as the form of punishment. While the prison proved to be expensive to run, ultimately diminishing its role, it served as the model that subsequent prisons, such as Pentonville built in 1842, which still exists today, developed. Religious instruction, work, and exercise became the common pattern followed in prison, where this idea now spread, including the building of other prisons throughout Europe and the United States.<ref>For more on the early modern prisons, see: Yvonne Jewkes, Ben Crewe, & Jamie Bennett (eds.) (2016)<i> Handbook of prisons. Second edition</i>. London ; New York, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, pg. 30. </ref>

By the late 19th century, there was greater attention to the mental state of prisoners. Solitary seclusion was no longer seen as always being an appropriate punishment, and social time was seen as needed. Reform to the mental well being as well as the character of prisoners began to spread as an important idea into the 20th century.This led to the development also of the idea that separate facilities for the criminal and mentally unstable to be established, as medical science was increasingly understanding people did not always have easy control of their actions. <ref>For more on late 19th and early 20th century prisons and design, see: Phillips III, D.W. (2013) <i>Mental Health Issues in the Criminal Justice System</i>. [Online]. Hoboken, Taylor and Francis.</ref>