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[[File: Stalin in exile 1915.jpg |thumbnail|left|275px200px|Stalin in Siberia]]On April 3, 1922, Joseph Stalin is remembered as one took over control of the bloodiest tyrants in the history of the world. He was the absolute ruler Communist Party of the Soviet Union , and later of by 1927, he had absolute power over the Communist bloc in Easter EuropeUSSR and was its unquestioned ruler. He rose How did Stalin rise to this unprecedented level of power as a result of his own personal capabilities so quickly after Lenin's death and his understanding usurp all of the workings of the Communist Party. Stalin translated these strengths into total control of the Soviet Union after the Russian Civil War (1917-1920). Stalin was not the natural successor of [[How did Vladimir Lenin Rise To Power?|Vladimir Lenin]], but he was able to use his position within the Soviet Communist Party to become the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union.<ref>Boobbyer, Phillip. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415182980/ref=as_li_tlchallengers?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415182980&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=10976fbde66cefcc9a2808e5d094f993 The Stalin Era]'' (Routledge, London, 2000), p. 78</ref>

===Stalin’s Early Life===Joseph Stalin, was one of the bloodiest tyrants in world history. He was the future leader absolute ruler of the Soviet Union, often referred and later of the Communist bloc in Eastern Europe. He rose to as the ‘Red Tsar', was born on 18 December 1878 this unprecedented level of power due to a Georgian cobbler in Gori, Georgia his capabilities and his wife in a small impoverished villageunderstanding of the workings of the Communist Party. His real name was Josef Besarionis de Jughashvili. <ref> Boobyear, p. 111</ref> He was ethnically Georgian, but Georgia was part Stalin translated these strengths into total control of the Tsarist Soviet Union after the Russian EmpireCivil War (1917-1920). After leaving school, he Stalin was sent to a seminary. Instead of studying theology and not the bible, he embraced Marxism and became a follower natural successor of [[How did Vladimir Lenin Rise To Power?|Vladimir Lenin]], but he could use his position within the Soviet Communist Party to become the undisputed leader of the revolutionary Bolshevik PartySoviet Union.<ref> ConquestBoobbyer, RobertPhillip. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/01401695390415182980/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=01401695390415182980&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=78415985f069f734b98307b00183a2dd 10976fbde66cefcc9a2808e5d094f993 The Stalin: Breaker of NationsEra]''. (Viking-PenguinRoutledge, HammondsworthLondon, 19992000), p. 11278</ref>

== What was Stalin’s Early Life like? ==Joseph Stalin soon joined , the Bolshevik movement and future leader of the Soviet Union, often referred to as the ‘Red Tsar,' was very active in violent attacks born on the Tsarist government. He was noted 18 December 1878 to a bank robber, these were undertaken Georgian cobbler in order to subvert the system and gain funds for the revolution. After being placed under surveillance by Russian secret policeGori, the OhrakanGeorgia, for and his activitieswife in a small, he went undergroundimpoverished village. His real name was Josef Besarionis de Jughashvili.<ref>ConquestBoobyear, p. 78111</ref> He became one was ethnically Georgian, but Georgia was part of the Bolsheviks' leaders in Tsarist Russian Empire. After leaving school, Stalin went to a seminary. Instead of studying theology and the Caucasus, organizing paramilitariesBible, he embraced Marxism and became a terrorist campaign in the region. He was involved in the notorious Tiflis bank robberyfollower of Vladimir Lenin, during which 40 people were killed. This raised his standing among the revolutionary Bolshevik leadershipParty leader.<ref>Conquest, pRobert. ''[https://www.amazon. 87 <com/gp/product/0140169539/ref> =as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0140169539&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=78415985f069f734b98307b00183a2dd Stalin was captured and exiled to Siberia numerous times, but usually escaped. He eventually became one : Breaker of Vladimir LeninNations]''s closest associates. (Viking-Penguin, or so he was later to vigorously claim which helped him rise to the heights of power after the Russian Revolution. In 1910 he changed his name to StalinHammondsworth, meaning in Russian ‘Man of Steel’ supposedly adopted in an effort to protect his real identity from the police and perhaps also to create a public image as a true revolutionary. <ref>Boobyear1999), p. 134112</ref>

===October Revolution and Stalin soon joined the Russian Civil War===[[File:Russian_Revolution_of_1917.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Bolshevik troops in Red Square]]By 1917, Stalin movement and was very active in Stviolent attacks on the Tsarist government. PetersburgHe was a notorious bank robber, which was soon and he committed these robberies to be renamed Petrograd. This was the capital of subvert the revolutionary Tsarist government that had seized power from [[Why did the Russian Romanov Dynasty collapse in 1917?|and fund the Tsar]] and his government in February 1917revolution. The Provisional Government After being placed under Alexander Kerensky was becoming unpopular despite ending the rule of the Romanov’s. They had failed to end the war and to redistributed land to the surveillance by Russian peasants. <ref> Montefioresecret police, Simon Sebag. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1400076781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1400076781&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=8d302940930c5b356ba181d00bc19d29 Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar]''. London: Weidenfeld & NicolsonOhrakan, 2003)for his activities, phe went underground. 117</ref> The Bolsheviks skillfully adopted a policy of promising peace and land to the war weary and starving population. Their message made them very popular and in October 1917, they stormed the Winter Place and declared that the Russian Empire was now the Soviet Union.<ref>MontefioreConquest, p. 11178</ref>The exact role He became one of Stalin the Bolsheviks' leaders in the Bolshevik Revolution is not known Caucasus, organizing paramilitaries and taking part in a terrorist campaign in any great detailthe region. In later propaganda, Stalin He was presented involved in posters and other images as being by Lenin’s side during the Revolutionnotorious Tiflis bank robbery, where 40 people were killed. In fact, it seemed that Stalin only played a minor role in This robbery raised his standing among the RevolutionBolshevik leadership. <ref>MontefioreConquest, p. 11387 </ref>

However, Stalin was to make his reputation in the Russian Civil War. He was appointed as a Political Commissar to several Generals captured and ensured that they were loyal exiled to the Bolsheviks. EventuallySiberia numerous times, but usually, he was given a military command and brutally suppressed White Counter-Revolutionaries and banditsescaped. He eventually became one of Vladimir Lenin's closest associates, or so he was also instrumental in conquering his native Georgialater to claim vigorously, which had declared itself to be independent. Stalin was later appointed helped him rise to the army in heights of power after the Ukraine and Russian Revolution. In 1910 he helped changed his name to push back a Polish invasionStalin, however, he was criticized for not defeating meaning in Russian ‘Man of Steel’ supposedly adopted to protect his real identity from the Poles completely police and exporting the revolution perhaps also to that country and elsewhere in Europecreate a public image as a true revolutionary.<ref>MontefioreBoobyear, p. 118134</ref>

===What was Stalin as General Secretary of 's role during the Bolshevik Party=October Revolution and Russian Civil War? ==Historians have often argued that the Russian Civil War [[File:Russian_Revolution_of_1917.jpg|thumbnail|left|300px|Bolshevik troops in Red Square]]By 1917, Stalin was won for the Bolsheviks by the revolutionary Leo Trotskyin St. This interpretation is now believed Petersburg, which was soon to be an exaggeration of Trotsky's rolerenamed Petrograd. However, Trotsky, did play a significant role in This city was the Sovietrevolutionary government's victory over capital that had seized power from [[Why did the White's Russian Romanov Dynasty collapse in 1917? |the Civil War Tsar]] and was a very important figure his government in the Communist PARTY and rivaled Lenin in prestigeFebruary 1917. Lenin The Provisional Government under Alexander Kerensky was worried about becoming unpopular despite ending the influence rule of Trotsky the Romanov’s. They had failed to end the war and he employed Stalin to build up a base of support for himredistributed land to the Russian peasants. <ref> Montefiore, Simon Sebag. ''[https://www.amazon. com/gp/product/1400076781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1400076781&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=8d302940930c5b356ba181d00bc19d29 Stalin did this but also at : The Court of the same timeRed Tsar]''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003), built up p. 117</ref> The Bolsheviks skillfully adopted a body policy of supporters that were loyal promising peace and land to him in the Partywar-weary and starving population. In 1921Their message made them very popular, and in October 1917, Stalin they stormed the Winter Place and declared that the Russian Empire was appointed to now the position of General SecretarySoviet Union. This gave him great power in the Party<ref>Montefiore, p. 111</ref>Stalin created a network of supporters 's role in the PartyBolshevik Revolution is unknown. Lenin became suspicious of Stalin was presented in posters and was beginning to mistrust his former protégée. In particular, Lenin disliked other images in later propaganda as being by Lenin’s side during the brutal methods of Stalin in his native Georgia, where he brutally repressed those who opposed BolshevismRevolution. Despite Lenin’s doubtsStill, Stalin began appears to grow popular with the rank and file Party members. Unlike Lenin and Trotsky, he was not an intellectual and had have played only a minor role in the common touch and he was well-liked by manyRevolution.<ref> ConquestMontefiore, p. 114113</ref>

===Lenin and However, Stalin===[[File: 650px-JStalin Secretary general CCCP 1942 flippedmade his reputation during the Russian Civil War.jpg |thumbnail| Stalin He was appointed as General Secretary]]After the Revolution, Lenin held the power in a Political Commissar to several Generals and ensured that they were loyal to the new countryBolsheviks. However, in 1922, after surgeryEventually, he had was given a stroke military command and brutally suppressed White Counter-Revolutionaries and he was never the samebandits. Lenin He was physically weakened and many feared that he would not have long also instrumental in conquering his native Georgia, which had declared itself to livebe independent. Lenin Stalin was largely confined later appointed to a country retreat and cut off from politics. The ruling council of the Bolshevik PartyUkraine army, the Politburo, ordered Lenin and he helped to avoid and concentrate on his recoverypush back a Polish invasion. Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party However, he was one of criticized for not routing the few people who still had access to him. Stalin used his position to cut Lenin off from Poles and exporting the party and effectively revolution to isolate him. He knew that Lenin’s disliked him, because Lenin perceived him as cruel country and authoritarian. Stalin even berated Lenin's wife for breaching Politburo orders by helping Lenin communicate with others on public matters. Stalin's attack on his wife angered Lenin.<ref>Read, Christopherelsewhere in Europe. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415206499/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415206499&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=d05be7a646c17cc922f1ffe49958037b Lenin: A Revolutionary Life]</i> (London: Routledge, 2005)Montefiore, p. 112118</ref>

As the relationship between Lenin and == How did Stalin deteriorated, Lenin dictated his Testament. This Testament was, in effect, his analysis become General Secretary of the current Bolshevik Part, Party after the Russian Revolution? ==Historians have often argued that the Russian Civil War was won for the future of Bolsheviks by the Revolution and revolutionary Leo Trotsky. This interpretation is now believed to be an indictment exaggeration of StalinTrotsky's characterrole. In However, Trotsky did play a significant role in the Testament, Stalin Soviet's victory over the White's in the Civil War and was castigated and denounced as self-serving a significant figure in the Communist PARTY and focused only on amassing personal power. rivaled Lenin called for the removal of Stalin as General Secretaryin prestige. Before Lenin could publish the Testamentwas worried about Trotsky's influence, and he suffered employed Stalin to build up a heart attack and was paralyzedbase of support for him. Stalin received did this but also, at the Testament from one of Lenin’s secretariessame time, who was actually his agent. Stalin repressed Lenin’s criticism built up a body of supporters that were loyal to him. If in the Testament had come to light Stalin’s career would have been finishedParty.<ref>Read, p 234</ref>

Allies of In 1921, Stalin colluded was appointed to repress all mention the position of General Secretary. This position gave him great power in the documentParty. Lenin died of Stalin created a suspected stroke on January 21st, 1924. Stalin was given the honor network of organizing supporters in the official funeralParty. He organized the funeral Lenin became suspicious of Stalin and ignored Lenin’s final wisheswas beginning to mistrust his former protégée. In particular, Lenin disliked Stalin also gave an oration at the funeral's brutal methods in his native Georgia, despite the opposition of where he brutally repressed those who opposed Bolshevism. Despite Lenin’s window. doubts, Stalin under the rules of began to grow popular with the rank and file Party was now the de-facto successor of members. Unlike Lenin. Howeverand Trotsky, the party he was not under his control, he an intellectual and had to share power with a collection of other Soviet leaders, including Trotskythe common touch, Zinoviev and Kamenevhe was well-liked by many.<ref>ReadConquest, p. 236114</ref>

===Stalin’s Rise to Power=How did Stalin become Lenin's potential heir? ==[[File:Lenin_and_stalin_crop.jpg|left|thumbnail|250px|Lenin and Stalin was officially in Gorki, 1922]]After the leader of Revolution, Lenin held power in the Communist partynew country. However, but to many in the Party1922, after surgery, he was only had a figurehead. Many dismissed him as a nonentity stroke, and a political figure of no real substance. Stalin had always been underestimated by many prominent Bolsheviks because he was not well educatednever the same. Trotsky, Kamenev, and Zinoviev all saw themselves as the logical choice as the successor of The stroke weakened Lenin. However, they were not as popular as they believed and many feared that Stalin was very popular with the ordinary Party memberhe would not have long to live. Stalin Lenin was shrewd enough not largely confined to appear to be seeking the leadership a country retreat and cut off from politics. The ruling council of the Bolshevik Party. Furthermore, he publically denounced Kamenev and Zinoviev, when they tried to involve him in a conspiracy against Trotsky in 1925. This only left Stalin and Trotsky as the sole contenders for the leadership role.<ref> FelshtinskyPolitburo, Yuri. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1929631952/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1929631952&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=8e5c4b8740fbfc8f691fb6ae90aae02b ordered Lenin to avoid and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924]</i>. Enigma Books, 2000), pconcentrate on his recovery. 201</ref>

===Socialism in One Country===The rivalry between Trotsky and Stalin was not only a personal. Both men had different views on , the nature General Secretary of Communism and more importantly antithetical ideas on the future Communist Party, was one of the worldwide Communist revoltfew people who still had access. Influenced by Marx, Stalin used his position to cut Lenin off from the Bolsheviks, believed party and effectively to isolate him. He knew that there was going to be a world-wide Communist RevolutionLenin’s disliked him because Lenin perceived him as cruel and authoritarian. Stalin even berated Lenin's wife for breaching Politburo orders by helping Lenin communicate with others on public matters. Stalin began advocating "Socialism in One Country," which says that the Bolsheviks should focus building communism in the countries they already controlled rather than spreading the revolution's attack on his wife angered Lenin. This drew to him many like-minded Party members<ref>Read, especially the rank and file and this put him in ideological opposition to TrotskyChristopher.<i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415206499/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415206499&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=d05be7a646c17cc922f1ffe49958037b Lenin: A Revolutionary Life]</i> Felshtinsky(London: Routledge, 2005), p. 202112</ref>

The Party accepted Stalin’s position As the relationship between Lenin and this meant that Trotsky Stalin deteriorated, Lenin dictated his Testament. This Testament was increasingly marginalized. He then decided to organize public protests, along with othersin effect, against Stalin’s growing control his analysis of the current Bolshevik Party, the future of the Revolution, and an indictment of Stalin's character. HoweverIn the Testament, Stalin, employed a law passed by was castigated and denounced as self-serving and focused only on amassing personal power. Lenin, ordering unity in called for the Partyremoval of Stalin as General Secretary. Stalin asserted that TrotskyBefore Lenin could publish the Testament, he suffered a heart attack and was trying to split the party and this ploy managed to sideline Trotsky even furtherparalyzed. Another factor, in Stalin received the growing isolation Testament from one of Leon TrotskyLenin’s secretaries, despite who was his achievements during agent. Stalin repressed Lenin’s criticism of him. If the Russian Civil WarTestament had come to light, was his Jewish heritageStalin’s career would have been finished.<ref> FelshtinskyRead, p. 203234</ref> There was a great deal Allies of antisemitism in Russian and this made Trotsky unpopular. By 1927, Stalin was so powerful that he could force Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev from colluded to repress all mention of the Politburo and later expelled from the Bolshevik Partydocument. Trotsky was forced into exile and eventually later settled in MexicoLenin died of a suspected stroke on January 21st, 1924. <dh-ad/>

===Consolidating His Rule=How did Stalin eliminate his competitors for control of the Soviet Union?==By 1927After Lenin's death, Stalin was given the unquestioned ruler honor of organizing the Soviet Unionofficial funeral. His had filled He arranged the administration of funeral and ignored Lenin’s final wishes. Stalin also gave a speech at the Party with people who were loyal to him. Increasinglyfuneral, Stalin appointed his loyalists to despite the Politburo. Many opposition of Lenin’s former lieutenants realized that window. Stalin , under the rules of the Party, was making himself a now the de-facto dictator. Bukharin was something successor of a darling in the PartyLenin. He was handsomeHowever, charismatic and a favorite of Lenin. He led the opposition to Stalin in the Politburo.<ref> Felshtinsky, pparty was not fully under his control. 204</ref> He opposed Stalin’s policy of the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union and called for the gradual introduction of industrialization. Stalin prevailed and later he had Bukharin expelled. All those who had crossed Stalin in some way were to be murdered on his orders. Some years later, Stalin sent an assassin to murder Trotsky. He was later killed by share power with a collection of other Soviet Agent with an ice pick. Kamenevleaders, Bukharinincluding Trotsky, and Zinoviev were all later put on trial, in a show trial and executed, on the trumped charges of plotting against the state. Lenin’s widow also died in suspicious circumstance and many believed that she was poisoned on Stalin’s ordersKamenev.<ref>Read, p. 235236</ref>

===Conclusion===By 1928, Stalin was officially the undisputed ruler leader of the Soviet Union. In 1920Communist party, he managed but to achieve this despite the opposition of Lenin and many of the senior leaders in the Party, he was only a figurehead. Many dismissed him as a nonentity and a political figure of no real substance. He Many prominent Bolsheviks had always underestimated Stalin because he was widely seen as an uneducated peasantnot well educated. HoweverTrotsky, Kamenev, he managed to turn this to his advantage and in his role Zinoviev all saw themselves as General Secretary, he built up his power base in the country. Stalin was also generally popular among logical choice as the ordinary Party Members and this was crucial. This meant that he had a powerful and influential following and this allowed him to build up his power and influence until he was in total control successor of the partyLenin.

However, they were not as popular as they believed, and that Stalin was very popular with the ordinary Party member. Stalin was shrewd enough not to appear to be seeking the leadership of the Party. Furthermore, Stalin publically denounced Kamenev and Zinoviev when they tried to involve him in a conspiracy against Trotsky in 1925. That left Stalin and Trotsky as the sole contenders for the leadership role.<ref> Felshtinsky, Yuri. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1929631952/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1929631952&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=8e5c4b8740fbfc8f691fb6ae90aae02b Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924]</i>. Enigma Books, 2000), p. 201</ref> == When did Stalin come to Power as the Ruler of the Soviet Union? ==[[File:Stalin-Bukharin.jpg|left|thumbnail|250px|Stalin and Bukharin in 1928]]Trotsky and Stalin began to vie against each other for control of the Soviet Union in 1925. By 1927, Stalin would emerge as the unquestioned leader of the Soviet, but first, he had to eliminate Trotsky from the competition. The rivalry between Trotsky and Stalin was personal because both men had radically different views on Communism's nature. More importantly, they held antithetical ideas on the future of the worldwide Communist revolt. Influenced by Marx, the Bolsheviks believed that there was going to be a world-wide Communist Revolution.  Stalin began advocating "Socialism in One Country," which says that the Bolsheviks should focus on building communism in the countries they already controlled rather than spreading the revolution. This view drew many like-minded Party members to Stalin, especially the rank and file. Stalin placed himself in ideological opposition to Trotsky.<ref> Felshtinsky, p. 202</ref>  The Party accepted Stalin’s position, and this meant that Trotsky was increasingly marginalized. He then decided to organize public protests, along with others, against Stalin’s growing control of the Party. However, Stalin employed a law passed by Lenin, ordering unity in the Party. Stalin asserted that Trotsky was trying to split the party, and this ploy managed to sideline Trotsky even further.  Another factor, in the growing isolation of Leon Trotsky, despite his achievements during the Russian Civil War, was his Jewish heritage.<ref> Felshtinsky, p. 203</ref> There was a great deal of antisemitism in Russian, which made Trotsky unpopular. By 1927, Stalin was so powerful that he could force Trotsky, Kamenev, and Zinoviev from the Politburo and later expelled them from the Bolshevik Party. Trotsky was forced into exile and eventually later settled in Mexico. == How did Stalin Consolidate His Power in the Soviet Union? ==<div class="portal" style="'float:right; width:8535%;"'>====Related DailyHistory.org Articles====*[[What were the goals of the Axis powers and the Soviet Union during World War Two?]]*[[How Did What is the German Military Develop BlitzkriegHistory of US Presidential Scandals?]]*[[How did Winston Churchill become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in World War Two?]]*[[How did Vladimir Lenin Rise To Power?]]{{#dpl:category=Russian History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=4}}

{{MediawikiStalin prevailed, and later, he had Bukharin expelled. All those who had crossed Stalin in some way were to be murdered on his orders. Some years later, Stalin sent an assassin to murder Trotsky. A Soviet Agent later killed him with an ice pick. Kamenev, Bukharin, and Zinoviev were all later put on trial, in a show trial and executed, on the trumped charges of plotting against the state. Lenin’s widow also died in suspicious circumstances, and many believed that she was poisoned on Stalin’s orders.<ref>Read, p. 235</ref> == Conclusion ==By 1928, Stalin was the undisputed ruler of the Soviet Union. In 1920, he managed to achieve this despite Lenin's opposition and many of the Party's senior leaders. He was widely seen as an uneducated peasant. However, he managed to turn this to his advantage, and in his role as General Secretary, he built a power base in the country. Stalin was also generally popular among the ordinary Party members, and this was crucial to his success. Stalin effectively built a powerful and influential following, which allowed him to take total control of the Soviet Union gradually. ====Suggested Readings====* Boobbyer, Phillip. ''[https:WWII}}//www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415182980/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415182980&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=10976fbde66cefcc9a2808e5d094f993 The Stalin Era]'' (Routledge, London, 2000)* Conquest, Robert. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0140169539/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0140169539&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=78415985f069f734b98307b00183a2dd Stalin: Breaker of Nations]''. (Viking-Penguin, Hammondsworth, 1999)* Felshtinsky, Yuri. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1929631952/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1929631952&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=8e5c4b8740fbfc8f691fb6ae90aae02b Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924]</i>. Enigma Books, 2000) * Montefiore, Simon Sebag. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1400076781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1400076781&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=8d302940930c5b356ba181d00bc19d29 Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar]''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003)* Read, Christopher. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415206499/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415206499&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=d05be7a646c17cc922f1ffe49958037b Lenin: A Revolutionary Life]</i> (London: Routledge, 2005) ====References====