Changes

It is not clear when the idea of ice cream exactly developed. However, already by the 2nd millennium BC, around 1800 BC, records from the ancient Near East state of Mari indicate ice was being collected for refreshment during the hot months. An ice house was built in the city of Terqa, suggesting the ice would be stored there during the winter months, when it may have been brought down from the mountains, and then successfully stored in during the ice housewarm season. In China, at about the same timeor even earlier, a flavored ice was known that resembles modern sherbet, where fruit would be frozen and flavored with honey or other sweet tastes. By the Achaemenid Persian period, around 500 BC, the Persians are depicted as using a type of grape concentrate which they would then mix with ice to create a cold, grape flavored treat. They would also use honey to give it a sweet taste. This seems to have been introduced to the Greeks after the invasion of Alexander, where records indicate the Greeks were doing similar things soon after Alexander 's arrived in the region.<ref>For more on early ice cream consumption in the ancient world, see: Weiss, L. B. (2011). <i>Ice cream: a global history.</i> London: Reaktion Books, pg. 19.</ref>

Similar ice flavored treats continued in the Roman period. In the mountains of Italy, ice harvesters would be sent to get ice during the colder months and the ice would then be brought to Rome or other cities. Ice houses, which had sometimes underground chambers to keep the cooland were large in places, were used to preserve the ice. The ice, when it was consumed, was flavored with fruits and juices to create something akin to what we would call a slushy (i.e., mostly flavored ice)or a sherbet or sorbet, similar to what was evident in ancient China.<ref>For more on Roman ice houses and ice cream, see: Vear, B., & Cooper, M. (2013). <i>Ice cream and other frozen delights.</i> Bath: Absolute Press, pg. 12.</ref>

It was only in the 16th century that the texture of what we call ice cream began to appear. By this time or perhaps in the 16th century, flavored ice was mixed with milk and cream. The presence of ice cream likely came via the Silk Road or it has been mentioned from the period of Marco Polo (Figure 1). Eventually, when sugar came from the New World, that was then also mixed with the flavored ice, milk, and cream combinationto create the taste and look of ice cream we are more familiar with. The use of cream mixed with ice helped create the name "ice cream" or "iced cream" as it was initially know. This innovation probably came via Italy and France, where from there it spread to the rest of Europe. However, having ice required having ice houses, which were not common. Thus it was mostly a royal type of treat for royalty or consumed by upper elites of society and not widely available.<ref>For more on Europe's history of ice cream, see: Quinzio, J. (2009). <i>Of sugar and snow: a history of ice cream making. University of California Press.</i></ref>