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In desperation, Mark Anthony fled to Egypt, but Cleopatra refused to help him, and he died by his own hand, following Roman custom. The Queen of Egypt then tried to negotiate with Augustus, but he ignored her pleas and killed herself.<ref> Plutarch, Life of Augustus, 34 4</ref> Augustus later killed her alleged son by Caesar, and he took steps to ensure that Egypt was to be part of the Roman Empire.

[[File: Natoire Cléopâtre-Repas-Tarse.jpg|300px|thumb|left| A seventeenth-century painting of Cleopatra and Mark Anthony as a feast]]

The civil war between Anthony and Augustus was not particularly bloody compared to previous wars between Marius and Sulla. It ended much quicker than anyone could have hoped. The victory at Actium meant that Augustus had no enemies, at least within his own borders. For the first time in a century, the armies of Rome were now under a single authority. For many years, the Roman legions were often the private armies of generals and not under the Senate's control.