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This era was largely an outgrowth of the previous decades, with a special focus on the roles the United States and the Soviet Union played in the Second World War. As Europe and Asia prepared for a long rebuilding process both sides offered their own visions for a postwar reality and security.

The Soviet Union under dictator Josef Stalin had several overarching goals and fears in the waning days of the Second World War. Stalin kept in mind the devastation that Russia faced in successive crises including the First World War and Russian Civil War. Stalin had a particular distrust for the Western Allies due to intervention by these powers against the Reds in the Russian Civil War and for abandoning Czechoslovakia before the war began. These are among the factors that pushed Stalin into signing a non-aggression pact with Germany in 1941. Now facing betrayal by Hitler, massive destruction, and about 20 million military and civilian deaths, the Soviet Union was in a unique position. Soviet Red Army troops now occupied almost half of Europe and were the largest military force in the world. <ref>Hopf, Ted. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0199858489/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0199858489&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=4b31d28926cdf3ed12acd364e8016051 Reconstructing the Cold War: The Early Years, 1945-1958]</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Page 45-48. </ref>