Changes

William Harding and Calvin Coolidge, in 1920, led the Republican ticket and James Cox and Franklin Roosevelt led the Democrats. For the Republicans, Harding was a surprise choice. It was a negotiated nomination that was done during the 1920 Chicago Republican Convention. Rather than having a primary election, nominations were secured by delegates who often negotiated for their votes. Harding was seen as a compromise candidate. For the Democrats, James Cox was chosen as other candidates seemed contentious, while Roosevelt was nominated as the Vice-Presidential pick, as he was a rising star within the party at the time and his relation to his somewhat distant cousin Theodore Roosevelt also helped secure his nomination.<ref>For more on the 1920 election, see: Pietrusza, D., 2007. <i>1920: the year of the six presidents</i>, 1st Carroll & Graf ed. ed. Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York. </ref>

The main issues included For the economyDemocrats, which had severely contracted after the War-time boom. The country James Cox was also recovering from the effects of the 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic. The Republicans campaigned on the theme of 'returning to normalcy' as they argued Woodrow Wilson's attempts to get the United States to join the League of Nations, which they saw chosen as chaotic and could potentially drag the US into European affairs, and other issues, including race riots, a declining economy supporting their theme, and reforms causing major problems for the countrycandidates seemed contentious. The Progressive Era had seen many reforms to limit At the effect of industrialization, but business and other interests were eager to push back. In a famous speech by Harding, he stated: 'America's present need is not heroics but healing; not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration...not surgery but serenity.' In 1920same time, there Roosevelt was a bombing on Wall Street nominated as political tensions grew between left-leaning and rightthe Vice-leaning Americans. Unemployment was high as the economy faced a decline in production after the War and weakness influenced by the 1918 Pandemic, to some extent. Race riots had affected many cities in the United StatesPresidential pick, with mostly large white mobs attacking or instigating blacks in urban regions. The Red Scare had also begun as Russia had become the first declared Communist country and the Palmer Raids, which were violent policing raids against anarchist and left-leaning groups, stoked tensions in cities. It he was also a year of disastrous weather, with violent tornadoes striking rising star within the party at the South time and Midwest killing nearly 400 people on Palm Sunday. Healthcare his relation to his somewhat distant cousin Theodore Roosevelt also became an increasingly important issue. The American Association for Labor Legislation support compulsory health insurance to protect workers, similar to reforms in Europe. However, a coalition of physicians, businesses, insurance companies, and conservative legislators worked to denounce any healthcare reform, calling such reforms "Bolshevism" or "socialized medicinehelped secure his nomination." <ref>For more on key issues of the 1920 election, see: NicholsPietrusza, C.M., Unger, N.C. (EdsD.), 20172007. <i>A companion to 1920: the year of the gilded age and progressive era, Wiley Blackwell companions to American historysix presidents</i>, 1st Carroll & Graf ed. John Wiley ed. Carroll & Sons IncGraf Publishers, Hoboken, pg. 368New York. </ref>

The idea of normalcy did resonate with a large part main issues included the economy, which had severely contracted after the Wartime boom. The country was also recovering from the effects of the electorate1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic. The Democrats were torn in many ways Republicans campaigned on the theme of 'returning to normalcy' as a party, which weakened their opposition. they argued Woodrow Wilson had made promises to key constituencies such as Irish-Americans in supporting Ireland's independence from Britain, which he reneged during attempts to get the Versailles Treaty negotiations. In fact, it was likely German-Americans and Irish-Americans opposition United States to join the League of Nations that heavily contributed to the United States staying out of this international body , which they saw as chaotic and also limited their support for could potentially drag the Democrats. Many press observers noted that the country was divided US into European affairs, and the other issues were less important than the cultural differences that emerged in the electorate. Accusations of fake news or false rumors were thrown as accusations between the parties. Interestingly, with advertising money now emerging as a major factor in the including raceriots, Harding came up with a new slogan he declining economy supporting their theme, and his donors circulated widely during reforms causing major problems for the election year, which was "America First (Figure 1)country." On The Progressive Era had seen many reforms to limit the Democratic sideeffect of industrialization, the party attempted to use wide-scale racial prejudice but business and other interests were eager to inspire their basepush back. The had called In a famous speech by Harding as someone with , he stated: "Negro blood."<refblockquote>For more on the major parties in the period, see: Conlin, J"America's present need is not heroics but healing; not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration.R., 2014. <i>The American past: a survey of American history</i>. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, pg. 640not surgery but serenity. "</refblockquote>

As this was the first election that women could vote, the increase in the vote from 1916 was almost 8 million votes, to over 26 million votes cast. The Democrats were defeated in a landslide, with mainly Southern states supporting the party, while Northern states and major cities greatly supporting the Republicans.  Overall, Harding had about 60% of the vote, winning 531 404 to 236 127 in the Electoral College. The Republicans also gained control of the House, obtaining 303 seats out of 435. Similarly, in the Senate , they had 59 of the 100 seats. With this congressional and presidential control, the Republicans were able to control legislation and government not only for the next four years but maintained most control of the government until 1932 (Figure 2)

The long-term impact is the United States did begin to emerge from the 1920 recession in on a stronger economic footing, ushering in the "Roaring Twenties." Consumer spending increased dramatically, particularly as new technologies in automobiles, telephones, movies, radio, and electrical appliances becoming widespread consumer products. The consumption -led to the 1929 Wall Street Crash, as heavy debt and under-performing assets based on declining spending , led to not only the crash but the beginning of what would become the Great Depression.  While immediately a disaster for the Democrats, the election led to the rise of Franklin Roosevelt, who was seen as a positive figure throughout the 1920 campaign as he traveled the country. He became the governor of New York from 1928-1932 before then running for President in 1932. The Eighteenth Amendment was passed in 1920, leading to Prohibition's era that also sparked increases in gang and organized crime violence during the 1920s. Race tensions increased, but the Great Migration of African Americans increased to major urban centers throughout the United States, reorganizing demographics.

The election, while immediately a disaster for the Democrats, led to the rise of Franklin Roosevelt, who was seen as a positive figure throughout the 1920 campaign as he traveled the country. He became the governor of New York from 1928-1932 before then running for President in 1932. Th Eighteenth Amendment was passed in 1920, leading to the era of Prohibition that also sparked increases in gang and organized crime violence during the 1920s. Race tensions increased, but the Great Migration of African Americans increased to major urban centers throughout the United States, reorganizing demographics in the United States. Economic policies and performance did help to helped accelerate this process, as the booming economy helped to accelerate the migration to urban regions. Healthcare continued to be a major debate point in the 1920s, as economic inequality increased. However, no reform was achieved , and most of the debate was left in academic circles rather than brought to the public.<ref>For more on the election's impact, see: Brown, C., 1991. <i>Ballots of tumult: a portrait of volatility in American voting</i>. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pg. 130.</ref>

There are aspects of the 1920 election that look oddly familiar to us. For instance, the slogan 'America First' was also then used as a key Republican slogan. It was the The Democrats who were portrayed as the party that created chaos, and the Republicans were successful in portraying themselves as the part of normalcy. Similar tensions on healthcare, lingering effects of a major pandemic, race riots, and economic decline would also be familiar to us. At the same time, while fake news accusations were common, including in the new medium of radio. Perhaps the biggest difference was women having the right to vote for the first time , and ultimately the election ushered the beginning of what emerged as the Roaring Twenties.