Changes

The immediate consequence of the plague was that it severely limited Byzantine expansion across southern Europe, ending Justinian's dream of reuniting the Roman Empire. The Goths and Lombards took advantage of this to reconquer and move into territories they had been pushed out of. It also strained the empire's resources as it had to face renewed threats from the Sasanian Empire, all the while Justinian insisted in financing major building projects and imposing taxes on his devastated population. While the Byzantine Empire ultimately recovered, they did come close to completely collapsing to the Sasanian Empire by the late 6th century and early 7th century. In fact, the Byzantine Empire never recovered to the same level again, which suggests the events of the plague may have contributed to the long-term decline despite short-term recovery of the empire. In northern Europe, the plague likely spread to the British Isles and Scandinavia. Initially these regions were isolated and relatively protected from the plague's spread, but slowly it had spread across the region probably by the 540s CE. Northern Europe would not recover until about the 9th century in terms of its population. Diminished trade and contacts would persist between the wealthier parts of southern Europe and northern Europe perhaps for a century or more, which may have also limited the re-urbanization of parts of Europe after the Roman collapse. However, it may have also resulted in northern Europe following a different political and social trajectory, ensuring that its history was less affected by the Mediterranean region in subsequent centuries and in the Medieval Period, northern Europe developed very differently from the Mediterranean regions. <ref>For more on the historical impact, see: Bray, R.S., 2004. <i>Armies of pestilence the effects of pandemics on history</i>. Clarke, Cambridge.</ref>

The Goths and Lombards took advantage of this to reconquer and move into territories they had been pushed out of. It also strained the empire's resources as it had to face renewed threats from the Sasanian Empire, all the while Justinian insisted on financing major building projects and imposing taxes on his devastated population.  While the Byzantine Empire ultimately recovered, they did come close to completely collapsing to the Sasanian Empire by the late 6th century and early 7th century. The Byzantine Empire never recovered to the same level again, which suggests the events of the plague may have contributed to the long-term decline despite the short-term recovery of the empire. In northern Europe, the disease likely spread to the British Isles and Scandinavia.  Initially, these regions were isolated and relatively protected from the plague's spread, but slowly it had spread across the area probably by the 540s CE. Northern Europe would not recover until about the 9th century in terms of its population. Diminished trade and contacts would persist between the wealthier parts of southern Europe and northern Europe perhaps for a century or more, which may have also limited the re-urbanization of parts of Europe after the Roman collapse.  However, it may have also resulted in Northern Europe following a different political and social trajectory. ensuring that its history was less affected by the Mediterranean region in subsequent centuries and the Medieval Period, northern Europe developed very differently from the Mediterranean regions. <ref>For more on the historical impact, see: Bray, R.S., 2004. <i>Armies of pestilence the effects of pandemics on history</i>. Clarke, Cambridge.</ref> However, the main long-term devastation was the economic consequences of the plague. Diminished labor , as well as lost tax revenues , meant that the Byzantines could no longer finance major offensives or construction projects as they had prior to before the plague. The Sasanians likely saw this as an opportunity to expand into Byzantine territory, which did initially succeed. In fact, they They were able almost to almost replicate the extent and scale of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, which was seen as the model empire by the Sasanians.  Many of these lands, particularly Jerusalem, Egypt, and Antioch, were critical to the Byzantines. Thus, the Byzantines launched a series of wars to recover these areas. This effort depleted both empires, leading to their weakened states. With these two great empires that effectively controlled the most important cities west of India weakened, the situation did enable the rising Arabs in the mid-7th century to take advantage of the declining powers across the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean. At this point, both those great empires were a shadow of their earlier versions.<ref>For more on the political and social change that occurred in the 6th and 7th centuries, perhaps resulting from the plague, see: Shepard, J. (Ed.), 2008. <i>The Cambridge history of the Byzantine Empire c. 500-1492</i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK ; New York.</ref>