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====Origin of Black Friday====

Black Friday may have its origins from the late 19th century and early 20th century, when department stores across the United States began to become not only larger but also more competitive. The term itself was not originally associated with shopping but with a major stock market crash on September 24, 1869. However, that meaning and event lost relevance over the course of the 20th century. In relation to Christmas, department stores, such as Macy's or Lord and Taylor, held annual parades on the day after Thanksgiving as part of their brand promotion and sales for the Christmas shopping period. Many people took the day off after Thanksgiving off, creating a type of free holiday vendors wanted to take advantage of. Department stores took advantage of this by promoting their brand and sponsoring large parades. Usually these parades were advertising oriented to promote the new products for sale that year or offered discounts on given shopping items in the lead up to Christmas. Usually, department stores and other retailers did not advertise their Christmas items for sale until after Thanksgiving. The department stores, as they grew in influence, began to set a trend in using the day after Thanksgiving as the launch of the Christmas shopping season that generally became more accepted across the United States. As more stores adopted the trend sent by the department stores, people generally began to see the Friday after Thanksgiving as a time when deals and sales, even the best possible sales of that year, might be offered to entice them over rival shopping competitors. For decades, however, the Friday after Thanksgiving was widely known as the beginning of the shopping season for Christmas but no reference existed for that day.<ref>For more on the development of department stores and their Christmas promotion attempts, including parades, see: Kathan BW (2017) <i>American Holy Days: The Heart and Soul of Our National Holidays</i>. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. Available at: http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5050880 (accessed 29 November 2019). </ref>

It is not clear what led Department stores took advantage of this by promoting their brand and sponsoring large parades. Usually these parades were advertising oriented to or when promote the term "Black Friday" came into existence in reference to the day after Thanksgiving as a time new products for sale that launched the Christmas year or offered discounts on given shopping season. Most likely, items in Philadelphia during the late 1950s or early 1960s, increased shopping traffic and pedestrian traffic getting lead up to stores led to more frequent traffic jams and accidentsChristmas. There was also increased crime as shoplifting and even violent crime increasedUsually, leading to the police department stores and other emergency services having to increase retailers did not advertise their presence during that dayChristmas items for sale until after Thanksgiving. For many emergency services personnelThe department stores, Black Friday became a dreaded day when as they knew they would be busy. Some people grew in influence, began to see that day as disruptive, particularly people who did not take part set a trend in using the shopping. The term may have then begun day after Thanksgiving as a pejorative for the disruption but soon shoppers themselves or at least launch of the media began to use the term more frequently by the early 1960s. By the 1960s, the term Blac Friday Christmas shopping season that generally became widely used. Since the 1960s until the late 1990s, Black Friday remained relatively similar, with stores traditionally offering discounts and sales. However, some stores began to try to gain initial advantages by moving Black Friday sales earlier or even opening very early on Black Friday at around midnight or even early in the morning.<ref>For more on accepted across the origin of the term "Black Friday" and its usage, see: Forbes BD (2015) <i>America’s Favorite Holidays: Candid Histories</i>. Oakland, California: University of California PressUnited States.</ref>

[[File:Macys-thanksgiving-day-parade-getty-97281886.jpg|thumb|Figure 1As more stores adopted the trend sent by the department stores, people generally began to see the Friday after Thanksgiving as a time when deals and sales, even the best possible sales of that year, might be offered to entice them over rival shopping competitors. The Macy's annual Christmas Parade For decades, however, the day Friday after Thanksgiving helped to launch was widely known as the beginning of the Christmas shopping seasonfor Christmas but no reference existed for that day.<ref>For more on the development of department stores and their Christmas promotion attempts, including parades, see: Kathan BW (2017) <i>American Holy Days: The Heart and Soul of Our National Holidays</i>. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. Available at: http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5050880 (accessed 29 November 2019).]]</ref>

By the early 2000s1960s, the term Black Friday sales led more stores to move their opening times to be earlierbecame widely used. Some of Since the 1960s until the earliest are around midnightlate 1990s, while others open around 4 or 5 AM (Figure 2). Some stores attempted to open on Thanksgiving DayBlack Friday remained relatively similar, effectively moving the start of the shopping season to Thursday. This has largely not worked well, as consumers were mostly interested in being with their family over Thanksgiving. Generally, however, stores have increasingly moved their Christmas shopping offerings to a much earlier date, some starting as early as the day after Halloween. The phenomenon of Christmas creep, as it is called, has become widespread. In recent years, deep traditionally offering discounts on electronics and traditionally more expensive consumer goods have led to shoppers camping out in front of stores during the Thanksgiving holiday or even before thensales. In However, some cases, it has even led stores began to violence between shoppers who compete with each other try to purchase limited goods given at deep discounts. Since the 2000s, American companies, including Amazon, have started marketing gain initial advantages by moving Black Friday deals in their international outlets. While countries outside of the United States do not celebrate Thanksgiving, countries in Europe, North American and sales earlier or even east Asia began adopting either opening very early on Black Friday as a discount day for Christmas shopping at around midnight or even used the week of Thanksgiving as the beginning of promotions for sales. At times, the term itself has been changed or adapted to local languages and tastes. Even early in the UK, Black Friday was a term used for the Friday before Christmas. In that case, it was a term used by hospital and emergency personnel who had to deal with a large increase of patients received before Christmas due to many party goers and drunk behaviour increasing workload for such personnel. In other countries, where Christmas is not a major holiday, such as India, retailers have attempted to replicate the idea of Black Friday around days preceding major holidays such as Diwalimorning.<ref>For more on recent developments the origin of the term "Black Friday" and its usage, see: Hoyer WD, MacInnis DJ and Pieters R Forbes BD (20132015) <i>Consumer BehaviorAmerica’s Favorite Holidays: Candid Histories</i>. 6th ed. Australia ; MasonOakland, OHCalifornia: South Western Cengage Learning, pg. 323University of California Press.</ref>

==Current Use The phenomenon of Christmas creep, as it is called, has become widespread. In recent years, deep discounts on electronics and traditionally more expensive consumer goods have led to shoppers camping out in front of stores during the Thanksgiving holiday or even before then. In some cases, it has even led to violence between shoppers who compete with each other to purchase limited goods given at deep discounts. Since the 2000s, American companies, including Amazon, have started marketing Black Friday deals in their international outlets. While countries outside of the United States do not celebrate Thanksgiving, countries in Europe, North American and even east Asia began adopting either Black Friday==as a discount day for Christmas shopping or even used the week of Thanksgiving as the beginning of promotions for sales.

Over At times, the last ten years, as Internet shopping term itself has increased, Black Friday has lost some meaning been changed or at least as the unofficial start of the Christmas shopping season, as other days adapted to local languages and times also offer deals. Now, online retails have promoted Cyber Monday, the first Monday after Thanksgiving, as an additional online start to the shopping season. Over time, however, Black Friday has become popular in many countriestastes. Now, countries Even in South America, the Middle EastUK, and other regions have attempted to create Black Friday and Black Friday deals. Online retailers have attempted more creative business strategies, such as combining efforts or creating group shopping experiences, was a term used for their customers. Some countries, such as Latvia, where the holiday has proven popular, new innovations to the promotional period have been developed. There, the entire week has been declared as "Black Week" to extend shopping times and promotions over a longer periodFriday before Christmas. In the UK, Black Friday, even though few have that day offcase, has become so popular among some retail chains that police it was a term used by hospital and extra security have emergency personnel who had to be called in to prevent outbreaks deal with a large increase of fights or violence between customers. In fact, some stores have seen Black Friday as disruptive, patients received before Christmas due to increased traffic many party goers and noise, leading them to even avoid putting any special discounts or promotions so that trouble would not occurdrunk behavior increasing workload for such personnel. In generalother countries, online saleswhere Christmas is not a major holiday, including on Black Fridaysuch as India, has offered retailers 24 hour shopping and enabled them have attempted to extend sales across multiple days. Overall, replicate the effect idea of Black Friday is still significant in terms of overall sales for many companies, leading to the date around days preceding major holidays such as still being significant even as the meaning and use of the date change in recent yearsDiwali.<ref>For more on the rise recent developments of the Internet and its effect on Black Friday, see: Carr NG Hoyer WD, MacInnis DJ and Pieters R (20102013) <i>The Shallows: How the Internet Is Changing the Way We Think, Read and RememberConsumer Behavior</i>. London6th ed. Australia ; Mason, OH: AtlanticSouth Western Cengage Learning, pg. 323.</ref>

====References====<references/> [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Business History]] [[Category:20th Century History]] [[Category:United States History]]