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Over the following decades, Italy became a battleground for the first time in centuries.<ref>Lopez, 112.</ref> This was to have a negative impact on the Renaissance. In 1527, the [[Did the Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Renaissance in Italy?|Spanish army sacked Rome]] and caused widespread loss of life and devastation. Eventually, the Spanish, under Phillip II, established Spanish domination in Italy. The Italian city-states were still technically independent, but they were under de-facto Spanish control. The Spanish control resulted in a loss of political and individual freedom and this dealt a blow to the Renaissance as increasingly artists and thinkers were unable to create the worked they wanted or to freely express their own ideas and opinions.

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