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The Arthurian legends have enthralled people from all over the world, for centuries. These tales have inspired many books, poems, plays, television series, and movies. The characters from the cycle of Arthurian stories are well-known, such as Merlin. Camelot, the castle and the court associated with King Arthur has become a by-word for a place of magic and enchantment. It was the capital of the realms governed by Arthur. However, did Camelot actually exist? There is a long and on-going debate about the historicity of King Arthur and the Arthurian world. There is also a long-running debate about the original Camelot. A number of theories as to the location of the original court and castle, which inspired the story of Camelot have been proposed down the centuries. This article examines some of the locations which may have been the original model for Arthur’s stronghold and court.

The setting for the stories of King Arthur is the period after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Britain was invaded by pagan Anglo-Saxons who killed and enslaved the native Britons. There emerged a number of Romano-British warlords who fought the invaders and who established kingdoms in the 6th and 7th century AD. It is believed by many that Arthur was one of these warlords who battled the pagan invaders or that he was a composite of several of these Brythonic leaders <ref>Halsall, Guy Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013), p 78</ref>. There are many connections between the Arthurian stories and Wales. The first tales about the great king and hero are from Welsh poems and chronicles. However, they appear to have been widely known throughout England and even in Brittany (France). In the Middle Ages, several French writers composed cycles of stories about the king and his adventures. These were enormously influential, and they introduced new characters and themes. In the 15th century, Thomas Malory composed ‘Morte d’Arthur which was largely based on French and Welsh sources. This was one of the first printed books in England and was critical in the development of the Arthurian legends and the story of Camelot <ref> Snyder, Christopher Allen. The World of King Arthur (London: Thames & Hudson, 2000), p. 6</ref>.

[[File: King Arthur 2.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A 19th-century painting of the Death of Arthur]]

Camelot was first mentioned in the ''Romance of Lancelot'' written by the French author Chretien de Troyes in the 1200s. The first mention of the location is the following ‘Upon a certain Ascension Day King Arthur had come from Caerleon and had held a very magnificent court at Camelot as was fitting on such a day."<ref> de Troyes Chrétien Four Arthurian Romances (London, Gutenberg, 1914), p 56</ref>None of the earlier Welsh sources had mentioned this place and they had referred to Arthur holding his court at Caerleon. They had stated that the monarch had several capitals throughout his realms. The image of Camelot was developed by successive medieval French writers. In brief, they portrayed Camelot as a fantastic fortress, with a Christian Cathedral, magnificent halls, palaces and of course the Round Table. In some of the medieval French stories, Camelot was the capital of Arthur’s realm before the conquest of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons. Camelot had a brilliant court, where the most chivalrous knights from as far as France gathered to serve the monarch. Some 150 Knights of the Round Table gathered here and from where they decided to go on a crusade to find the Holy Grail. The French sources do not really describe the court and city, and simply state that it was surrounded by forests but was also located near some pastures that were ideal for knights’ tournaments. In the medieval sources, there were regular tournaments where knights, such as Galahad, would joust to win honors and to impress their lady-loves. In the medieval stories, Camelot is portrayed as a Christian city whose population were all noble and chivalrous. There was a dark side to this place of magic and chivalry. It was here that Arthur lived with Guinevere and where she and Lancelot fell in love. The adulterous affair between the great knight and the Queen lead to a series of ruinous civil wars that ultimately led to the death of Arthur and the decline of his realm. The magical court and stronghold did not end with the death of the great king. In some medieval tales, the city continued but was much diminished until it was sacked and destroyed by a King of Cornwall who was portrayed as a traitor and an ally to the pagan Anglo-Saxons. The story of Camelot was later adopted by Malory and other writers. Today the Arthurian court and city have become a symbol for an ideal and chivalrous realm, a fantasy land, and utopia.

[[File: Camelot 3.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Some of the ruins of Tintagel Castle]]

One of the most commonly cited locations for the real Camelot is Tintagel Castle. Since the earliest times this castle on the coast of Cornwall, in the south-west of England has been associated with the Arthurian cycle of stories <ref> Field, P. J. C. "Searching for Camelot." Medium Aevum 87, no. 1 (2018): 1-22 </ref>. The Welsh author Geoffrey of Monmouth in his history of the kings identifies Tintagel as the site of the conception of Arthur. Tintagel was occupied by the Britons during the Anglo-Saxon invasion and it was the capital of a small Brythonic kingdom and this could have been the basis of for Arthur’s kingdom of Logres. Archaeological excavations have established that it was inhabited during the Dark Ages. Experts have found evidence that it was a centre of trade and learning, which was remarkable for this period when civilization had almost collapsed. Evidence of writing and scholarship in the post-Roman period have been found here. This would indicate that it was like Camelot a centre of learning and religion. In 1998 a stone bearing an intriguing inscription was unearthed by experts. This is the so-called Artognou stone, sometimes referred to as the Arthur stone. This is a stone that was taken from another building and used in the drains of Tintagel. The artifacts bear the inscription in Latin ‘Artognou’. Many scholars believed that this is very similar to the name ‘Arthur’. However, many have rejected this and believe that Artognou was a common Celtic name. Despite the fact that Tintagel was a royal centre in the Dark Ages and its associations with Arthur it seems unlikely that it was the original Camelot.

[[File: Camelot one.jpg |200px|thumb|left| The hill where Cadbury Castle once stood]]

Another possible candidate for the real Camelot is Cadbury Castle in Somerset, England. This was an Iron Age hill fort and it may have been occupied by the Romans. In the Dark Ages, it was the stronghold of the local Britons and it was the chief residence of a Brythonic ruler <ref>Field, p 17</ref>. Based on the archaeological evidence it seems that a major Warband leader resided here and he and his successors resisted the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Moreover, it was rich by the standards of the time and this could have given rise to the story of Camelot. Local tradition refers to the site as Camalat, possibly a reference to the river Cam. This persuaded writers from at least the 16th century that Cadbury Castle was the original Camelot. Some believe that the site of Cadbury was ideal for the defense of south-west England against the invading Germanic tribes. This they believe is strong evidence for it being the Camelot of the Arthurian legend. However, there is no firm evidence that a monarch or warlord by the name of Arthur resided in the hill fort and could have been the original Camelot. Archaeologists who investigated the site believe that it was not occupied at the time when the owner of Excalibur may have lived and reigned.

It is widely argued that after the Romans abandoned Briton, the locals continued to live in towns and used them as fortresses in their desperate defense against the assaults of the Anglo-Saxons. There are some scholars who believe that the real Camelot was Camulodunum. This was a Romano-British city and today it is the modern city of Colchester <ref>Field, p. 56</ref>. It has been established that Camulodunum was inhabited during the Dark Ages and may have been a Brythonic centre. It is highly unlikely that this town was the real Camelot, because of geography. Camulodunum is located in the south-east of England. The pagan invaders who descended on England after the last Roman legions left the island would have most likely landed on the east coast. Their homeland was Northern Germany and Denmark and Essex would have been one of the first areas they attacked. It is believed, based on the texts of the medieval English historian, Bede, that the south-east of England was conquered early on by the invaders. This means that it is highly unlikely that a British war-band leader or king could have ruled this part of England in the 6th century AD <ref>Alcock, Leslie. "Excavations at Cadbury-Camelot, 1966–70." Antiquity 46, no. 181 (1972): 29-38 </ref>

==Caerleon==

Traditionally King Arthur is associated with Wales. The modern Welsh are the descendants of the Romano-Britons who were driven to the uplands of modern Wales by the invading Anglo-Saxons. Today Caerleon is one of the most important archaeological sites in Wales. It was an important Roman centre and was occupied in the Dark Ages <ref> Breeze, Andrew. "The Early Welsh Cult of Arthur: Some Points at Issue." Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 1, no. 1 (2016): 5-13</ref>. In the early Welsh sources, Arthur is shown as having several capitals and one of them may have been Caerleon. Having more than one capital would have made sense, as it could have allowed a commander to more easily counter the threat from the Anglo-Saxons. In the 12th century, Gerald of Wales recounted that Caerleon was the court of Arthur and it was here that he received ambassadors from other kingdoms and lands. Later Geoffrey of Monmouth also made Caerolon as the capital of Arthur’s realm. It seems that there was a significant Romano-British kingdom cantered on Caerolon in the Dark Ages and it ultimately became the Welsh kingdom of Gwent <ref>Breeze, p 7</ref>. Moreover, there are those who argue that the well-preserved amphitheatre in Caerolon that inspired the legend of the Knights of the Round Table. However, there is no material or documentary evidence that a Briton war-leader resided in Caerolon by the name of Arthur.

[[File: Camelot 2.jpg |200px|thumb|left| The great hall in Winchester Castle ]]

There are many parts of Britain that claim to be the original model for Camelot, including Carlisle in the north-west of England. These are usually based on folklore and have no basis in historical fact. The areas discussed above are those with at least some basis to be regarded as the real Camelot. The location that has the most realistic claims to be regarded as the court and stronghold of the fabled king is Caerolon. It seems likely that we will never know the real Camelot, just as we will never discover who was the real Arthur. There is a high probability that Camelot is a literary invention. The first mention of the court was in the work of the poet Chretien de Troyes. It is very possible that he invented the court of Camelot and therefore it is not based on any historical location.

Littleton, C. Scott, and Linda A. Malcor. From Scythia to Camelot: A radical reassessment of the legends of King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table, and the Holy Grail (London, Routledge, 2013).