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[[File:5346336 198ca26a.jpg|thumbnail|left|300px|Figure 1. The site of the Battle of Culloden.]]

The House of Stuart had ruled Scotland from 1371 until 1603; from 1603 until the death of Queen Anne in 1714, they ruled the united crowns of England and Scotland and what became Great Britain after the act of Union that formalized the integration of Scotland and England. However, in 1688, the removal of James II in the Glorious Revolution effectively meant that the Stuart male line succession would die out. While the revolution has often been seen as "bloodless," the reality was many people were not happy with the overthrow of the Stuarts and bloody repressions occurred, as the Stuarts were seen as the legitimate heirs by their supporters in Scotland and England.<ref>For more on the Stuarts and the Glorious Revolution, see: </ref> Massie, A. (2013) <i>The Royal Stuarts: A History of the Family that Shaped Britain</i>. New York, St. Martin’s Griffin.

This situation led to a series of revolts by supporters of the Stuarts, many of whom came from Scotland. While upheaval occurred as early as 1688, the major rebellions were 1715 and 1745. The last rebellion was effectively ended in the battle of Culloden, which occurred near Inverness. The battle pitted the British forces led by the Duke of Cumberland, or Prince William Augustus, who was the son of George II, and the Jacobites led by Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), the Stuart heir. George II was the second Hanoverian king who ruled after the Stuart dynasty in Great Britain. While many Protestants wanted a Protestant monarch at all costs, others saw that the Hanovarian claim on the throne was not legitimate, as they were very distantly related to the Stuarts or any royal British family. On the other hand, the Hanovarian supporters realized they had to get a monarch who not likely try to weaken Parliament's increasing role in British affairs.<ref>For more on the Jacobite rebellions, see: Barthorp, M. & Embleton, G. (1982) <i>The Jacobitic rebellions 1689-1745</i>. London, Osprey.</ref>

Stuart was advised by his military councilors to fight a guerrilla war, given his military disadvantages, but he ultimately did not feel this was a way a legitimate king should fight. In effect, he wanted to replicate what Henry VII did in claiming the throne for the Tutors over the last Plantagenet king. Thus, a formal, pitched battle commenced and within an hour the battle was over and the Jacobites suffered a crushing defeat, with nearly 2000 killed or wounded (Figure 1). The aftermath also saw bloody repressions in the highlands by the British units, as they moved to put down further potential uprisings. The Stuart heir was then chased around Scotland and the Hebrides before ultimately reaching France for permanent exile. The House of Stuart never again was able to seriously threaten to retake the crown of Britain.<ref>For more on Charles Stuart, see: McLynn, F. (2003) <i>Bonnie Prince Charlie: Charles Edward Stuart</i>. London, Pimlico.</ref>

The effect of the battle on Great Britain is it made the British government realize the needed to find a way to integrate the highlands of Scotland and other areas where potential uprisings could occur more closely into the country. This was also a time when the British Empire was expanding through their colonial settlements in North America and elsewhere. The British government began to send prisoners and others associated with the uprisings to the distant colonies as a way to banish potential threats from the homeland. Some of those who had ties to the battle at Culloden did ultimately become supporters of the American Revolution, and even participated in the battles, but this was not universally true, as others supported the British government. In effect, the uprisings in Scotland and the battle specifically created a pattern that lasted through the 19th century, where the British government began to use its overseas territories as a way to remove elements it did not consider desirable or as threats to the government.<ref>For more on British policy on how it dealt with rebellions in the 18th century, see: Jones, A.J. (1998) <i>Culloden to the colonies: the collected reminiscences of a McDonald family whose ancestor fought at the Battle of Culloden in 1746</i>. Brisbane, L.H. McDonald.</ref>

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[[File:The Hector (replica), Pictou, Nova Scotia.jpg|thumbnail|left|Figure 2. Replica of the <i>Hector</i>, which brought Scottish migrants to Nova Scotia.]]

The effect on North America in relation to this battle are complex. Initially, many Scottish settlers arrived in the American Colonies as refugees or as those forced to move there. Perhaps though the greatest effects were felt in Nova Scotia. Initially, Nova Scotia was actually settled by more non-Scottish British, despite the region's name, as a series of wars led to British expansion there. During the American Revolution, there were attempts for Nova Scotia to join the rebellion. Battles were fought there in revolt against the British and often the region was called the "14th Colony," but from 1773 and on, initially with the ship <i>Hector</i> arriving, the character of the province began to change as Scottish immigrants, many of whom who had direct ties to those who participated in Culloden, came as refugees or economic migrants forced out due to the aftermaths of poverty and political ostracism (Figure 2).<ref>For more on Scottish migration to North America in the 18th century, see: Warren R. Hofstra (ed.) (2011) <i>Ulster to America: the Scots-Irish migration experience, 1680-1830</i>. 1st ed. Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press.</ref>

For the natives of the region of Nova Scotia, such as the Mi'kmaq, they increasingly became marginalized and pushed deeper into the wilderness regions of Nova Scotia. This, over time, created a subjugation of not only the native population but also discrimination, often similar to what the fleeing highlanders' ancestors had faced back in Britain. The British government was also seen as the power to protect the migrants from native populations and later the United States. For the native population, the effects of Culloden were very negative, as it led to migration to their lands and their subjugation. Nova Scotia continued to be seen as a friendly place towards Scots into the 19th century, which hastened the pace of migration to Canada in that time from regions of Scotland.<ref>For more on the later history of migration into Canada and Nova Scotia, see: Owram, D. (1994) <i>Canadian history:: a reader’s guide. 1: Beginnings to Confederation</i>. Toronto, Univ. of Toronto Press.</ref>

The Jacobite uprising of 1745 proved to have lasting impact, although probably quiet different to what the British government and Jacobites had expected. For the British, they achieved immediate benefits in that they were able to integrate the Scottish highlands and effectively begin the process of destroying the clan system. However, policies also created the seeds for rebellion, in places such as the American colonies, but it also opened up areas such as Nova Scotia to become a major destination for Scottish and, by extension, Jacobite supporters. This shaped the history of Canada, in that Scottish migration picked up significantly after the rebellion and later American Revolution. Scottish highlander sympathy for the American Colonists soon changed due to raids in Canada, which proved to be animosity that lasted into the War of 1812, as there was little support by then for any revolt against the British government, since they were seen by then as the better protectors of the Scottish migrants. In effect, the long-term impact became complex, with initial support for rebellion against the British government by the Jacobite supporters lingering for some time but then eventually changing as the realities of migration began to be more important than the event that led to those migrations.

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