Changes

Few rulers in ancient Mesopotamia influenced the course of history more than Sargon I, also known as Sargon of Akkad (ruled ca. 2334-2279 BC). Rising to power from obscurity, from a city that has still not been located by archaeologists, Sargon led his people the Akkadians to conquer most of Mesopotamia, instituting a number of enduring changes in the process. Perhaps the most important, and certainly the most apparent, influence Sargon had on Mesopotamia was the introduction of the Akkadian language, which was still used over 2,000 after the king’s death. Sargon also influenced Mesopotamia in the shorter term by unifying the region under one dynasty and instituting changes to the religion and royal ideology that were followed by subsequent dynasties.

Little is known about Sargon’s origins and the ancient written sources that chronicle his early life are more legends than historical texts. In the late third millennium BC, when Sargon came to power, Mesopotamia was a collection of several city-states ruled by numerous ethnicities that often spoke different languages. The Sumerians were the first dominant ethnic group in Mesopotamia and although they brought all the hallmarks of civilization to the region, such as writing, they were only able to place the southern part of Mesopotamia under their rule. After the Sumerians, Mesopotamia went back to competing city-states, which is how Sargon and the Akkadians came to power. Today, scholars are still unsure precisely where the ancient city of Akkad was located, sometimes spelled “Agade,” but it is believed to have been in the northern part of southern Mesopotamia. Sargon and his people spoke a Semitic language that is today known as Akkadian and the dynasty that Sargon initiated is known as the Akkadian Dynasty. <ref> Kuhrt, Amélie. <i>The Ancient Near East: c. 3000-330 BC.</i> (London: Routledge, 2010), p. 44</ref>

Once Sargon had eliminated Uruk’s resistance, he was free to embark on his program to change Mesopotamia.

[[File: Amarna_letter.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|A Cuneiform Tablet in the Akkadian Language Discovered in Amarna, Egypt]]

Sargon of Akkad’s greatest influence on ancient Mesopotamia was his introduction of the Akkadian language. Before Sargon came to power, the primary language spoken and written in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, which was a language isolate, meaning that it was a language not related to any other. Sumerian was written in the cuneiform script, which is comprised of wedge shaped characters that were usually written on clay tablets, and used for nearly 1,000 years before Sargon’s arrival. After Sargon took power, he and his followers kept using the cuneiform script, but with their native Akkadian language. The Akkadian language was the first Semitic language to be written and although it was the primary language of Sargon and his dynasty, the Akkadians continued to use Sumerian in many administrative, legal, and literary texts. <ref> Kuhrt, p. 46</ref> The Akkadian royal inscriptions, though, which is how modern historians know so much about Mesopotamian chronology, were always written in Akkadian but sometimes accompanied with Sumerian translations. <ref> Mieroop, Marc van de. <i>A History of the Ancient Near East: ca. 3000-323 BC.</i> 2nd ed. (London: Blackwell, 2007), pgs. 65-66</ref> It would not be until after Sargon and his Akkadian Dynasty were gone that his linguistic influence was felt across the region.

Akkadian was the primary written language used in Mesopotamia long after Sargon’s death, but it also became the <i>lingua franca</i> of the greater Near East during the Late Bronze Age. By about the year 1500 BC, the most powerful kingdoms of the Near East – Egypt, Kassite Babylon, Mitanni, Assyria, and Hatti – all developed extensive trade networks and diplomatic ties. In order to communicate, all of the major kingdoms, as well as the minor kingdoms that served as buffer states, wrote to each other in Akkadian. A cache of over 300 Akkadian diplomatic tablets were discovered in the Egyptian city of Tel el-Amarna (ancient Aketaten) in 1887. The letters reveal the details of this early global system that used Akkadian as the primary language. <ref> Moran, William L. <i>The Amarna Letters.</i> (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. xiii</ref> Along with the Akkadian diplomatic letters discovered in Egypt, scores of Akkadian literature tablets have been discovered outside of Mesopotamia, including the Hittite capital of Hattusa, the Levant cities of Ugarit and Megiddo, and Amarna. The use of Akkadian eventually became so widespread that all of the original Mesopotamian myths were translated from Sumerian into Akkadian. <ref> Meiroop, p. 116</ref>

[[File: Empire_akkad.png|300px|thumbnail|left|The Extent of the Akkadian Empire]]

Sargon’s introduction of the Akkadian language to the greater Mesopotamian population may have been his most enduring influence on the region, but his quest to unify Mesopotamia under one king was his most immediate impact. Regions within Mesopotamia had been conquered and ruled over by a single ruler before Sargon, but he was the first to conquer most of Mesopotamia and hand the rule over to his successors, thereby creating the first trans-ethnic Mesopotamian dynasty. According to the Akkadian historical texts, Sargon’s empire was built on blood and with the help of an exceptionally large army for the period.

Finally, Sargon of Akkad made some changes to Mesopotamian religion and ensured that other traditions that were established before him were continued. One of the most important religious moves he made, which was probably influenced by political considerations, was the installation of his daughter, Enheduanna, as the bride of the moon-god Nanna. As the bride, Enheduanna preformed important religious rituals for the Nanna cult at the cult center in Ur. Although the office may have existed previously, its importance grew with Sargon’s patronage. <ref> Kuhrt, p. 50</ref> Sargon was a pious believer in the Mesopotamian pantheon, but he was also a shrewd leader who no doubt wanted to keep a close eye on the city of Uruk, which was the home of his one time rival. Sargon also carried on many of the traditions of Mesopotamian kingship, namely concerning his royal epithets and titulary. For example, he referred to himself as the “King of Kish” despite Akkad being his home city and he was also known as the “King of the Four Quarters,” which was an epithet that all later Mesopotamian kings used later in one form or another. <ref> Frankfort, Henri. <i>Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion As the Integration of Society and Nature.</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), pgs. 226-8</ref>

When all of the many great kings of ancient Mesopotamian history are considered, few can compare in their overall influence with Sargon of Akkad. Sargon took a previously unknown city-state to the pinnacle of power, creating a dynasty that affected Mesopotamia for centuries. Sargon did this through sheer force, unifying most Mesopotamia through war and then by initiating reforms to the government and religion. But the most enduring influence Sargon had on Mesopotamia was the introduction of the Akkadian language, which became the primary written language of ancient Mesopotamia and was for a time the <i>lingua franca</i> of the ancient Near East’s elite class. Truly, few individuals in ancient Mesopotamia were as influential as Sargon of Akkad.