Changes

====What was the Renaissance?====The term "Renaissance" or "rebirth" (or "''rinascita''" in Italian Renaissance ) was one coined by Giorgio Vasari around 1550 in his book <i>The Lives of the most exciting periods Artists</i>. The Renaissance started in human civilisationthe late 15th century as Italians sought to imitate the lost world of ancient Greece and Rome and move away from gothic art. It witnessed a great flourishing of the artsThe Italian, literatureartists, philosophywriters, architecture and politics. Many thinkers who all participated in the Renaissance, sought to create works that were the equal of the greatest figures in World Civilisation appeared during ancients, whom they regarded as the pinnacle of civilization.<ref>Burke, Peter. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0691162409/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0691162409&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=3e8ba646ddb55793983df78fb425f39e The Italian Renaissance : Culture and Society in Italy]'' (Princeton University Press, including Michelangelo1999), Leonardo Da Vincip. 6.</ref> The Renaissance, unlike the Middle Ages, Machiavelli stressed the individual, reason, beauty and Raphaelsecular values. This outlook became known as Humanism and has had a profound impact on European society. The Renaissance’s days Renaissance not only produced great works of glories occurred art but also resulted in a dramatic change in the views of Europeans and a decisive move away from approximately 1400-1500the world of the Middle Ages. However, several factors led The Renaissance was in many ways to lay the groundwork for the end rise of the modern world and especially ‘individualism and a secular outlook.’<ref>Burke, p.9.</ref> The Renaissance and the end of one was able to occur because of the most creative periods unique conditions that prevailed in Italy in human history. This article will demonstrate the reasons why the Italian Renaissance endedperiod from 1400 to 1500.

==The Renaissance==The term means ‘re-birth’. The renaissance country was an effort to imitate rich, because of [[How did the lost world of ancient Greece Silk Road develop?|trade]] and Rome. The Italian, artists, writers industry and thinkers who all participated in the Renaissance, sought to create works this meant that many wealthy Italians were the equal willing to act as patrons of the ancients, whom they regarded as the pinnacle great artists. The Italian Peninsula was divided among a series of civilisationcity-states.<ref>BurkeRuggiero, PeterGuido. ''[https://www.amazon. com/gp/product/0521719380/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521719380&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=90629fdde8856871bdd69f392194f543 The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy Princeton: Princeton A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento]'' (Cambridge University Press, 19992015), p. 6648.</ref> The Renaissance unlike the Middle AgesThese were Republics and they were tolerant societies, stressed that placed a high value on creativity in the individual, reason, beauty arts and secular valuesthough. This outlook became known as Humanism and has had a profound impact on European societyThey were unique societies in Europe of the time. The Renaissance not only produced great works Crucially, the influence of art but also resulted the church was limited in dramatic change these city-states and there was generally [[What were the social factors that led to the Renaissance in the views Italy?|freedom of Europeans thought and a decisive move away from the world expression]]. Indeed, many prominent Churchmen were active patrons of the Middle Ages. The Renaissance artists, including [[What was in many ways to lay the groundwork for role of the rise of Popes in the modern world and especially ‘individualism and a secular outlookRenaissance?|Popes]].’<ref>BurkeRuggiero, p.9 #78.</ref>

The ====When did the Italian Renaissance End?====Defining when the Italian Renaissance occurred is somewhat difficult, but the most generous estimate goes from the 1380s to the 1550s. Typically, the Italian Renaissance has been tied to fortunes of Florence and Rome (especially Florence). At the end of the 14th century, after the collapse of the Florentine and Roman economies due to the Great Famine of 13150-1317 caused by the Little Ice Age, the disruption of trade by war between England and France, and the devastation of the Black Plague, Rome and Florence began to rebound. These catastrophes actually helped start the Renaissance because it was able initially driven by artists such as Petrarch and Dante who began to occur because question the authority of the unique conditions that prevailed in Italy in Church because it had failed to alleviate the period from 1400 to 1500suffering of Italians during these catastrophes.

The end of the Italian is directly tied to Florence's decline and the eventual abandonment of the ideals of the Renaissance. This slow slide began with [[File:Leonardo.jpgWhat was the impact of Charles VIIIs invasion of Italy (1494) on the Renaissance?|thumbnail|Leonardo da Vinci|125pxthe invasion of Florence in 1494]]The country was rich, because of trade by France and industry and this meant that many wealthy Italians were willing to act gained speed as patrons of great artists. The Italian Peninsula was divided among a series of Italy broke out into warfare between its city-states.<ref>RuggieroAdditionally, Guido. ''The like most significant political and intellectual movements, the Renaissance in Italy: A Social gave birth to a significant intellectual and Cultural History religious backlash. By the 1550s, many of the Rinascimento'' (Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 648.</ref> These were Republics works of literature and they were tolerant societies, art that placed a high value on creativity in help birth the arts and thoughRenaissance were banned. They were unique societies in By the Europe of mid-1550s, the timeItalian Renaissance was essentially over. Crucially, While the influence of the church was limited Italian Renaissance died in these city-states and there was generally freedom of thought Florence and expression. IndeedRome, many prominent Churchmen were active patrons of Renaissance artistsits ideas, including Popes <ref>Ruggierobeliefs, pand art had spread across Europe. 78These other European Renaissances continued even as Florence's and Rome's rebirth ended.</ref>

====Florence's Economic Decline====[[File:Leonardo.jpg|thumbnail|Leonardo da Vinci|200px|left]]Until 1500 Italy was at the centre of the Mediterranean world and its vast network of trade routes. Italian traders made vast profits by acting as middlemen in the trade between the Muslim and Christian worlds. Furthermore, the Italian clothing industry exported its goods all over the Mediterranean .<ref>Ruggiero, p. 134.</ref>.The riches made enabled the elite to fund the work of great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. However, after Columbus discovered America, the Mediterranean economy went into a steep decline . New trade routes were established in the Atlantic and the trade of the Mediterranean dropped off. This led to less money being spent on art in Italy.<ref>Lopez, Robert Sabatino, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316532002/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316532002&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=d7834ce1e2ccb139a585310f8f29d767 The Three Ages of the Italian Renaissance]'' (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, (1970), p. 89.</ref> Although, the Pope’s still continued to be great patrons of the arts. The relative decline in the Italian economy, because of changing trade routes, because of the Discovery of America, led to less money being spent on the arts and education. This had a negative impact on the Renaissance and fewer great works of art and literature.<ref>Lopez, p. 98.</ref>

==Spanish Domination==The Italian city-states were very rich but also vulnerable to their larger neighbours. The kingdoms of Europe were becoming national states, with a unified government and standing armies. By the 16th centuryAlthough, the Italian city-states looked much weaker that large kingdoms such as France. In the 1490s, the French invaded [[What was Pope Julius IIs contribution to Renaissance Italy, in order ?|Popes]] still continued to conquer be great patrons of the kingdom of Naplesarts. The Spanish Monarchy refused to allow relative decline in the French to dominate southern Italy <ref>LopezItalian economy, p. 67.</ref>. The French army eventually retreated from the Kingdom because of Naples after a plague decimated the army. Howeverchanging trade routes, their invasion was to result in several decades because of war, between France and Spain, for the control Discovery of first Naples and later Italy. Over the following decadesAmerica, Italy became a battleground for led to less money being spent on the first time in centuries.<ref>Lopez, 112arts and education.</ref> This was to have had a negative impact on the Renaissance. In 1527, the Spanish army sacked Rome and caused widespread loss fewer great works of life art and devastationliterature. Eventually<ref>Lopez, the Spanish, under Phillip II, established Spanish domination in Italyp. The Italian city-states were still technically independent, but they were under de-facto Spanish control. The Spanish control resulted in a loss of political and individual freedom and this dealt a blow to the Renaissance as increasingly artists and thinkers were unable to create the worked they wanted or to freely express their own ideas and opinions98.</ref>

Sack ====The Rise of Rome 1527 Spain====The Italian city-states were very rich but also vulnerable to their larger neighbors. The kingdoms of Europe were becoming national states, with a unified government and standing armies. By the 16th century, the Italian city-states looked much weaker that large kingdoms such as France. In the 1490s, [[What was the impact of Charles VIIIs invasion of Italy (1494) on the Renaissance?|the French invaded Italy]], in order to conquer the kingdom of Naples. The Spanish Monarchy refused to allow the French to dominate southern Italy <ref>Lopez, p. 67.</ref> The French army eventually retreated from the Kingdom of Naples after a plague decimated the army. However, their invasion was to result in several decades of war, between France and Spain, for the control of first Naples and later Italy.

==Counter-Reformation==The Reformation began Over the following decades, Italy became a battleground for the first time in Germany and soon Protestant Churches were being established throughout Northern Europecenturies.<ref>Lopez, 112. </ref> This cause was to have a crisis negative impact on the Renaissance. In 1527, the [[Did the Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Catholic Church Renaissance in Italy ?|Spanish army sacked Rome]] and throughout Europe. Many feared that Italy would even turn Protestant. This caused a change in direction in the Catholic Church widespread loss of life and led it to change its direction devastation. In response to Eventually, the Protestant ReformationSpanish, under Phillip II, established Spanish domination in Italy. The Italian city-states were still technically independent, the Catholic Church engaged but they were under de-facto Spanish control. The Spanish control resulted in a series loss of reforms political and other measures. These sought individual freedom and this dealt a blow to make sure that Protestant teachings did not become popular. The response of the Catholic Church became known Renaissance as increasingly artists and thinkers were unable to create the Counter-Reformationworked they wanted or to freely express their own ideas and opinions. One of <div class="portal" style='float:right; width:35%'>====Related Articles====*[[What was the Borgias contribution to Renaissance Italy?]]*[[How did the most important aspects of Bubonic Plague make the Counter-Reformation Italian Renaissance possible?]]*[[What was the increasing role of the Inquisition Popes in Italian Society. Any person, believed to be sympathetic to Protestant ideas was arrested as a heretic by the Inquisition. The Inquisition also arrested those who have opinions and views that Renaissance?]]*[[What were contrary to the teachings causes of the Church. <ref>Mullett, Michael A., ''The Catholic Northern Renaissance?]]*[[How did the Renaissance influence the Reformation'' (Routledge, London 1999)p. 56.?]]*[[What was the influence of Emperor Frederick II on the Italian Renaissance?]]</refdiv>

====The Impact of the Counter-Reformation was to have ====[[File:Sackofrome.jpeg|thumbnail|390px|left|Sack of Rome by Johannes Lingelbach|370px]]The Reformation began in Germany and soon Protestant Churches were being established throughout Northern Europe. This cause a dramatic impact on artists, writers crisis in the Catholic Church in Italy and scientists’ in throughout Europe. Many feared that Italywould even turn Protestant. No longer could they discuss or express their views freelyThis caused a change in direction in the Catholic Church and led it to change its direction. They were afraid In response to create any daring worksthe Protestant Reformation, in case that they offended the Catholic Churchengaged in a series of reforms and other measures. In order These sought to ensure make sure that they Protestant teachings did not come to the attention become popular. The response of the Inquisition, they made sure that their works were suitably CatholicChurch became known as the Counter-Reformation. The result One of the most important aspects of the Counter-Reformation was that the increasing role of the Inquisition in Italian artists worked in an environment that was repressive Society. This led Any person, believed to be sympathetic to Italy, falling behind Protestant ideas was arrested as a heretic by the rest of Europe, intellectually Inquisition. The Inquisition also arrested those who have opinions and artistically . It should still be remembered views that Italy still produced great artists and thinkers such as Galileo, but they were far fewer and less original. The old humanist tradition, contrary to the teachings of the RenaissanceChurch. <ref>Mullett, was abandonedMichael A., during the Counter''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415189152/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415189152&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=2cee7968947f72dfe9e1cea5b8eafa6e The Catholic Reformation <ref>Mullet]'' (Routledge, London 1999)p. 14156.</ref>

==Conclusion==The Renaissance Counter-Reformation was one of the most important historical epochsto have a dramatic impact on artists, writers, it produced a culture that created great and scientists’ in Italy. No longer could they discuss or express their views freely. They were afraid to create any daring works of art and provided , in case they offended the world, with Catholic Church. [[How did Savonarola influence the humanist view of life, which encouraged individualism Reformation and Counter-Reformation?|Girolamo Savonarola]] rose to power in Florence and ruled between 1494-1498. He sought to reverse the use influence of reason. However, secularism and ruled Florence as began its economic and cultural decline meant that there was less money for . Rulers such as Savonarola forced artists to recommit to the church to avoid attracting the attention of the arts and learningInquisition. The Spanish came to dominate threat of the city-states and this meant Inquisition ensured that artists had less freedom and writers tailored their works to be more suitably Catholic. The result of expression. Finally, the Counter-Reformation by enforcing Catholic Orthodoxy meant was that Italian artistsworked in an environment that was repressive. This led to Italy, thinkers falling behind the rest of Europe, intellectually and writers were afraid to artistically. It should still be remembered that Italy still produced great artists and thinkers such as daring or Galileo, but they were far fewer and less original as they had been in . The old humanist tradition, of the Renaissance, was abandoned, during the past Counter-Reformation.<ref> ibidMullet, p. 134 #141.</ref>. These factors led to the end of the Renaissance.

====Conclusion====The Renaissance was one of the most important historical epochs, it produced a culture that created great works of art and provided the world, with the humanist view of life, which encouraged individualism and the use of reason. However, economic decline meant that there was less money for the arts and learning. The Spanish came to dominate the city-states and this meant that artists had less freedom of expression. Finally, the Counter-Reformation by enforcing Catholic Orthodoxy meant that artists, thinkers and writers were afraid to be as daring or original as they had been in the past.<ref>Mullet, p. 134.</ref> These factors led to the end of the Renaissance.{{MediaWiki:AmNative}}====References====

[[Category:Italian History]] [[Category:Renassiance Renaissance History]] [[Category:European History]][[category:wikis]]