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Jackie Robinson was the first African-American to play in major league baseball on April 15, 1947. He went 0 for 3. He reached base once, scoring a run in a Brooklyn Dodgers victory. As a statistical line it was not the most auspicious of debuts. That Robinson debuted at all was the greatest accomplishment of the day.

In 1947, The United States was still legally segregated throughout the south and tradition and custom segregated much of the rest of the country. The armed forces were still segregated by race and the national pastime, baseball, was as well. The idea that any of these laws, customs or institutions would change was almost impossible to fathom. Yet, Jackie Robinson would not only integrate baseball that spring, but by the fall of 1947 he would play in the World Series and was named the Rookie of the Year for the season. As great as Robinson’s first season was, his debut was years in the making and would have ramifications well beyond 1947.

Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born in 1919 in Cairo, Georgia. He was the son of a sharecropper and grandson of a slave. The status of African-Americans in the south hadn’t changed a great deal since slavery. There was freedom, but the right to vote was almost completely denied to to African-Americans. The court case that made “separate but equal” the law of the land was decided almost twenty-five years prior and was firmly entrenched in the state of Georgia.

Even as an officer, Robinson faced discrimination in the army. In 1944, while stationed in Texas, he refused to move to the back of a bus for a white passenger. He was brought before a court martial for insubordination. Eventually he was acquitted of all charges and later that year he was given an honorable discharge from the army.

After leaving the army, Robinson looked for work, especially where he could maximize his athletic talents. In 1945 he played for the Kansas City Monarchs, one of the most successful clubs in the Negro Leagues. He was a good player on a team full of great players. The idea of integrating the Major Leagues was picking up steam after the first commissioner of baseball, Kenesaw Landis, died in 1944. One executive in particular was determined to bring African-Americans into baseball, Branch Rickey of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Rickey wasn’t just looking for the best player on the field, but for an individual who could handle the pressure and resistance that would come with being the first African-American to cross the color line.

Rickey started the process by offering Robinson a spot in the Brooklyn Dodger minor league system. Due to his ability and the rigor of the Negro Leagues, Robinson started at the highest minor league affiliate of the Dodgers, the Montreal Royals. In addition, having Robinson in Canada and playing in a league who’s southernmost team was in Baltimore relieved some of the racial tension that Robinson would have faced playing elsewhere in the minor league system. Robison led the Royals and won the league batting title as part of a championship campaign in the International League. There was no where for Robinson to go but up.

Rumors swirled during the spring training of 1947. The Brooklyn Dodgers were going to promote their talented minor league star Jackie Robinson to the major leagues perhaps to start the season, perhaps later in the year. The white players in the league and on his own team were divided on whether or not they would share the field with a black man. Two days before the season was about to begin, Many Dodgers planned to boycott the game and not take the field with Robinson. Branch Rickey and the Brooklyn management stood behind Robinson and their decision to play him and the players backed down.

The color line was receding to history, but racial intolerance and discrimination were not. During that 1947 season, Robinson and those that followed faced countless encounters both on the field and from the stands. Verbal abuse was common, physical threats and actual violence as well. The Dodgers and Robinson received hate mail, threatening Robinson if he played at a visiting field. Through it all, Robinson maintained his composure and grace.

Robinson played professional baseball for ten seasons. When the Dodgers traded him to the New York Giants in the fall of 1956, he refused to report to the new team, effectively ending his career. At the time of his retirement, 13 of the 16 major league teams had integrated their squads. In the first wave of African-American players to reach the major leagues, six were later elected to the Hall of Fame, including Monte Irvin, Ernie Banks and Willie Mays. Robison was elected to the baseball Hall of Fame in 1962, his first year of eligibility. He had his number 42 retired by the Dodgers in 1972. To honor his legacy for all of baseball, Major League Baseball retired his number for all teams in 1997, the only player to be afforded such an honor.

It is telling that every team wouldn’t become integrated until 1959, a dozen seasons after Robinson debuted in 1947. Progress might have been achieved, but it was slow and halting. After his retirement Robinson dedicated much of his time toward the goals of civil rights. Though he had a business and broadcast career, Robinson was a constantly involved throughout the 1950s and 1960s. He was an active member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) including serving on the board of directors until 1967. He spoke to the Southern Christian Leadership Council in 1962 and was in attendance at the 1963 March on Washington.

Jackie Robinson is remembered for that day in April 1947, but for so much more as well. Not only was the first African-American to play Major League baseball, he did it under extraordinary circumstances. He experienced the full force of American racism both on and off the field. He stood up to that racism during his playing career and well beyond. Jackie Robinson’s fight against discrimination and inequality didn’t end with his Major League debut, it had barely started. His stellar career and continued activism afterward are what make him a hero.

Tygiel, J. (1983). ''Baseball's great experiment: Jackie Robinson and his legacy.'' New York: Oxford University Press.