Changes

In the United States, celebrations in September 5th in celebrating labor had occurred by 1882. The American Federation of Labor and the Central Labor Union were two organizations that had advocated for a day to celebrate labor. Canada in the 1880s had also developed organized celebrations of laborin September, likely influencing US choice for the date. Trade unions in the United States had proposed a September date for a holiday throughout the 1880s. However, there was widespread disagreement, as many larger organizations, which wanted to link themselves with their colleagues in Europe, wanted to celebrate May 1 as Labor Day, holding events of remembering labor and to demonstrate against work conditionsand wages. In 1887, Oregon became the first state to celebrate Labor Day.<ref>For more on how Labor day developed in the US states, see: Kevin Boyle (ed.) (1998) <i>Organized labor and American politics, 1894-1994: the labor-liberal alliance</i>. SUNY series in American labor history. Albany, State University of New York Press.</ref>

Throughout the 1890s, a national movement to commemorate labor developed. The Pullman Strike in 1894 occurred due to reduction in pay for workers as well as high costs associated with the Pullman rail company housing provided to the them at a cost. The Pullman Company controlled much of the freight rail at the time and had vast power but also became critical to the operations of the larger economy of the United States. A strike was seen as threatening the US wider economy, leading to the government sending federal troops to breakup the protests after the protesters refused a court order to disband (Figure 2). This attempt at breaking the strike led to riots and violence, which eventually did lead to the collapse of the strikes but also many deaths. In effect, the governments actions were effective but politically costly for then President Grover Cleveland.<ref>For more on the Pullman Strike and subsequent events, see: Stein, R.C. (2001) <i>The Pullman strike and the labor movement in American history</i>. In American history. Berkeley Heights, NJ, USA, Enslow Publishers.</ref>

The cost to the government was widespread discontent with how the strike was put down. Cleveland, along with Congress, proposed having a federal holiday to celebrate labor to gain some political support he may have lost, particularly from some of the trade unions. However, one stipulation for Cleveland was the date of the celebration be in September, that is the first Monday in September, as he wanted to avoid celebrating in May due to the events of Haymarket. Cleveland did not want the Haymarket events remembered and become serve as a rallying cry for further demonstrations, strikes , or even political turmoil. Additionally, already the US government began to be wary of political movements sponsored by labor movements and what were socialist organizations. In effect, it was a holiday that put the US in similar footing to what happened elsewhere but with a specific avoidance of a day that the US government feared could become a rallying cry for other riots or even political action.<ref>For more on the choice of September for Labor day, see: Marianne Debouzy (ed.) (1992) <i>In the shadow of the Statue of Liberty: immigrents, workers, and citizens in the American republic, 1880-1920</i>. 1st University of Illinois Press ed. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, pg. 173.</ref>

As Labor Day became an official US holiday in 1894, much did not change from earlier celebrations of Labor Day at state and other levels. Parades were held commemorating labor and calls were made for better working conditions and fair wages. However, by the early 20th century, prosperity returned to increased in many areas in the United Statesas market conditions improved. Worker conditions did gradually improve, creating alternative opportunities for celebrations. Fairs began to develop around the holiday weekend and more family-oriented events began to be organized by communities as leisure time increased for people.<ref>For more on how Labor Day events evolved into the 20th century, see: Coleman, M., Ganong, L.H. & Warzinik, K. (2007) <i>Family life in 20th-century America. Family life through history</i>. Westport, Conn, Greenwood Press.