Changes

3. María Elena Martínez, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/080477661X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=080477661X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=b12b863eac2f96063d8146fc97ff07a8 Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico]'', (Stanford University Press, 2008). In ''Genealogical Fictions'', Martínez charts the rise of racial categories in Spain's colonies. Martínez details the origin of this system in the Iberian peninsula, then charts the transformations and problems that emerge when this system is imposed onto a diverse and distant population. One of the central pillars of this book is the focus on gender and sexuality. As a system concerned with biological reproduction, female sexuality was central to determining legitimacy, hierarchy, and purity. But Martínez goes even further to detail how gendered descriptions were fixed to colonized peoples--ultimately cementing their fixed positions in the Spanish racial hierarchy.

4. Kathleen M. Brown, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0807846236/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0807846236&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=9e26aecaa275dd4059382ba0a2772904 Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, & Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia]'', (University of North Carolina Press, 1996). This book is, in many ways, a challenge to Edmund Morgan's ''American Slavery, American Freedom''. In it, Brown argues that gender became a category of difference before race really entered American colonists' vocabulary. Beginning, of all things, with colonial tax law, Brown argues that the way that Virginia colonists perceived African and black women differently from English women helped to create a system of racial difference that ultimately led to racial slavery. A must read.