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====Background====In 18711870, in Paris, there was one of the first modern left-wing revolutions in the world. It came amidst Prussian Chancellor Bismarck engineered a background of war and siegewith France, under its Emperor Napoleon III. The two nations fought each other, mainly in north-eastern France. The Paris Commune as Prussians and their German allies defeated the revolution was known, sought to implement some of French at the most radical ideas Battle of Sedan and captured the French RevolutionEmperor, and they then proceeded to besiege Paris. The revolutionaries were much influenced by anarchism and were in many ways In the precursors city, the Soviet Communist in Russian local defense was often in the early 20th centurylocal militia, the National Guard, and organized based on neighborhoods. The At this time, many Paris Commune was ultimately defeatedcitizens, especially in the poorer neighborhoods, effectively governed themselves, but it served as a model for many revolutionaries at they were cut off from the time and to central government's control during the present dayPrussian siege.

==Background==In 1870, the Prussian Chancellor Bismarck engineered a war with France, under its Emperor Napoleon III. The two nations fought each other mainly in north-eastern France. The Prussians and their German allies defeated the French at the Battle of Sedan and captured the Emperor and they then proceeded to besiege Paris. In the city, the local defence was often in the hands of the the local militia, the National Guard and they were organised on the basis of neighbourhoods. At this time, many citizens of Paris, especially in the poorer neighbourhoods, effectively governed themselves, as they were cut off from the control of the central government, during the Prussian siege. A new provisional French government was located in Bordeaux, far in the South-West of France. Many of the members of the National Guard members had left-wing sympathies , and they had long resented the autocratic rule of Napoleon III and were eager for change. <ref>Edwards, Stewart (1971). ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812902599/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812902599&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=0f4c18f751d6a03db9b795cba08fd648 The Paris Commune 1871]''. (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1971), p. 67.</ref> Many of the more radical elements in the National Guard were radicals and wanted a revolution. Many of these were sympathetic to the first Socialist movement , the ‘First International’International.’ <ref>Stewart, p. 68.</ref> Many in Paris felt abandoned by the new French government and angry at their handling of the war effort.

There was growing frustration with the French army and the government for failing to lift the Prussian siege and after . After a large demonstration, the National Guard seized control of the government of the city. <ref> RobbanCobban, Alfred (1965), ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/014020525X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=014020525X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=982f548e95ba459e58a23f0b79e6726c A History of Modern France]'' (Hammondsworth, Penguin Books, 1965), p. 215.</ref> They began to organise organize the city's government of the city on Socialist and Anarchist lines and were committed to the defence of Paris 's defense against the besieging Germans. The Communards , as they became known, organised organized an election, which they won. They organised organized the city on socialist principles , and power was located with local committees.<ref>Cobban, p. 217.</ref> The rebels demanded a separation of Church and State, universal suffrage and some, demanded even the abolition of all private property. They also wanted the power to rest with the people and their local committees. The rebels saw themselves as the heirs of the Great French Revolutionaries such as Marat and Danton. The Communards as they became known, defied the new French government and sought to extend their rule throughout France.<ref>Merman, John (2014). ''Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871''. (New Haven and London: Yale University Pres). p. 81.</ref>

==The Suppression rebels demanded a separation of Church and State, universal suffrage, and some demanded even abolishing all private property. They also wanted the Communards==After the French government agreed power to a peace treaty rest with the Germans, people and their local committees. The rebels saw themselves as the heirs of the war between it Great French Revolutionaries such as Marat and Danton. As they became known, the Communards was inevitable. The defied the new French government, under Adolphe Thiers, decided and sought to crush the Communards and extend their movement. With secret German, help, who were still occupying territory around rule throughout France, they despatched a large military force to Paris. <ref>CobainMerman, pJohn (2014). ''[https://www. 218amazon.<com/gp/product/0465020178/ref> When the Communards refused to hand over some cannon over to the French army, this was to provide the French army with the excuse it needed to crush the National Guard =as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0465020178&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=8b30415300c9c2d08b9fb770bbab6922 Massacre: The Life and all those who supported Death of the Paris Communeof 1871]''. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press). p. 81.</ref>

====The French army bombarded Suppression of the Communards ====[[File:1184px-Commune_de_Paris_barricade_Place_Blanche.jpg|thumbnail|365px|The barricade on Blanche Place in Paris and then attacked their strongholds. The rebels resisted furiously and , 1871]] After the fighting became known as French government agreed to a peace treaty with the ‘Bloody Week’. The French army brutally crushed Germans, the rebels war between it and it summarily executed many the Communardswas inevitable. The rebels had also committed many atrocitiesnew French government, under Adolphe Thiers, including decided to crush the execution of priests. At the end of the fighting, some 18,000 people had died Communards and 25,000 were woundedtheir movement. Many Communards were imprisoned and sent They dispatched a large military force to Penal Colonies in French GuineaParis with secret German help, occupying territory around France.<ref>MermanCobain, p. 134218.</ref> The When the Communards refused to hand over some cannon to the French Government army, this was able to reassert its control over Paris. Soon after provide the French army with the excuse it needed to crush the Communards were crushed, National Guard and all those who supported the Prussians withdrew from FranceParis Commune.

==Influence of The French army bombarded the Communards in Paris Commune on Revolutionaries==and then attacked their strongholds. The Communards were totally destroyed, howeverrebels resisted furiously, their revolt and their ideology were to have an enormous influence. They were to inspire many revolutionaries from all over Europe. They saw in the Communard’s rebellion an example how a society could liberate itself from the forces of oppression, such fighting became known as the Church and Monarchy‘Bloody Week. They saw ’ The French army brutally crushed the Communards as providing a model for a future and free societyrebels, where equality and justice were guaranteedit summarily executed many Communards.<ref>Cobain, p. 218.</ref> NearlyThe rebels had also committed many atrocities, every revolutionary movement in the period drew important lessons from including the Parisian Revolutionaries. Their bloody suppression execution of the revolution persuaded many that change was only possible through violencepriests. As a result, in the decades following At the defeat end of the Communardsfighting, many radical groupssome 18, engaged in terrorists’ attacks across Europe000 people had died, but especially in the Russian Empireand 25, where terrorist groups such as the People’s Will launched a campaign of bombings 000 were wounded. Many Communards were imprisoned and assassinationssent to Penal Colonies in French Guinea.<ref> Butterworth, Alex. ''The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists and Secret Police'' (Pantheon Books, London, 2010)Merman, p. 4, 7, 14134.</ref>The French Government was able to reassert its control over Paris. Soon after the Communards were crushed, the Prussians withdrew from France.

====Influence of the Paris Commune on Marx and LeninRevolutionaries====Almost immediately after the defeat of the The Communardswere destroyed; however, left-wing radicals analysed why the revolution had failedtheir revolt and their ideology were to have an enormous influence. These critiques They were very influentialto inspire many revolutionaries from all over Europe. None more so than that They saw in the Communard’s rebellion an example of how a society could liberate itself from the forces of Karl Marxoppression, such as the founder of CommunismChurch and Monarchy. He studied They saw the reasons Communards as providing a model for the failure of the revolt a future and free society, where equality and published his findings in his work the Civil War in France (1871)justice were guaranteed.<ref> Karl Marx, ''The Civil War in France, English Edition of 1871''Cobain, p. 1218.</ref> He believed that Nearly every revolutionary movement in the period drew important lessons from the Commune failed because it was not ruthless enough and that if it should have been led by some professional revolutionariesParisian Revolutionaries. Marx believed Their bloody suppression of the revolution persuaded many that the Commune change was only possible through violence. As a result, in the first example of decades following the ‘dictatorship of Communards' defeat, many radical groups engaged in terrorist attacks across Europe, but especially in the proletariat’, that is a form of participatory governmentRussian Empire, where all power was in terrorist groups such as the hands of ordinary peoplePeople’s Will launched bombings and assassinations campaign.<ref>MarxButterworth, Alex. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0307386759/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0307386759&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a91bd1a2ab2e4468679c38c61138cffc The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists, and Secret Police]'' (Pantheon Books, London, 2010), p. 4, 7, 614.</ref>

The Communards ====Influence on Marx and their revolution were to have a huge influence on Lenin====[[File:683px-Lenin. The Russian Revolutionary studied jpg|thumbnail|255px|left|Vladimir Lenin]]Almost immediately after the works defeat of Marx on the history of Communards, left-wing radicals analyzed why the Communardsrevolution had failed. He came to the conclusion that professional revolutionaries These critiques were needed to ensure very influential. None more so than that a revolution would succeed and not be quashed as were of Karl Marx, the Communardsfounder of Communism. Lenin was also influenced by He studied the organisation of reasons for the Communards revolt's failure and wrote extensively on their ideas and revolutionpublished his findings in his work the Civil War in France (1871).<ref> V.I. LeninKarl Marx, ''The Civil War in France, "Lessons English Edition of the Commune"1871'', Marxists Internet Archivep. Originally published: Zagranichnaya Gazeta, No. 2, 23 March 1908. Translated by Bernard Isaacs1.</ref> He modelled his Soviets or workers’ councils on believed that the Commune failed because it was not ruthless enough and that if some professional revolutionaries should have led it. Marx believed that the Commune was the first example of the democratic councils established by ‘dictatorship of the French Revolutionaries in 1871. The revolution proletariat,’ a form of 1871 participatory government, where all power was to have an important influence on the Russian Revolution in 1917ordinary people's hands.<ref>Marx, 6. </ref>

The Communards and their revolution were to have a huge influence on Lenin. The Russian Revolutionary studied the works of Marx on the history of the Communards. He came to the conclusion that professional revolutionaries were needed to ensure that a revolution would succeed and not be quashed as were the Communards. Lenin was also influenced by the Communards' organization and wrote extensively on their ideas and revolution.<ref> V.I. Lenin, "Lessons of the Commune," Marxists Internet Archive. Originally published: Zagranichnaya Gazeta, No. 2, 23 March 1908. Translated by Bernard Isaacs.</ref> He modeled his Soviets or workers’ councils on the democratic councils established by the French Revolutionaries in 1871. The revolution of 1871 was to have an important influence on the Russian Revolution in 1917. ====Conclusion====The Paris Commune was a failed revolution. It attempted to fulfil fulfill the more radical ideas of the French Revolution in 1789. It was savagely repressed , and there was to be no similar revolution in France until 1968. The Communards' repression of the Communards encouraged many left-wing groups to adopt more violent tactics , and in the decades after the revolt, terrorism became a feature of European life. The ideas and the example of the Commune of 1871, example were to have a decisive influence on both Marx and Lenin and continues to this day, in left-wing circles. <div class="portal" style="width:85%;">====Related DailyHistory.org Articles====*[[What were the goals of the Axis powers and the Soviet Union during World War Two?]]*[[Why did Operation Market Garden in 1944 fail?]]*[[How did Mussolini become Prime Minister of Italy?]]*[[How did Adolf Hitler become the Fuhrer of Germany?]]*[[Why did Germany lose the Battle of Stalingrad?]]</div> ====References====<references/>[[Category:Wikis]][[Category:French History]] [[Category:Military History]][[Category:European History]] [[Category:19th Century History]]{{Contributors}}