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__NOTOC__<nomobilediv class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Banner2Spartacus - 1960 - poster.png|linkthumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How accurate is Stanley Kubrick's 'Spartacus'?]]====The historical epic Spartacus (1960) is one of the best-known movies in cinema history. It caused a sensation on its release and was one of the most successful pictures of the 1960s. The movie was not only a commercial success it was a critical success and it received several Academy Awards. Spartacus was directed by the cinematic genius Stanley Kubrick. {{Read more|How accurate is Stanley Kubrick's 'Spartacus'?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Last_Kingdom_2.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How Historically Accurate is Season 2 of Last Kingdom?]]====Season 2 is divided into two novels from the Saxon Tales series written by Bernard Cornwell, namely books 3 and 4 (Season 1 was books 1-2). The novels span roughly between 878-886 (Figure 1). The main focus for Season 2 in the first four episodes is Uhtred's quest to go north from Wessex into Northumbria, a less tamed area of England that is ruled more by Danes but their hold is somewhat less clear. Uhtred seeks his ancestral home in Bebbanburg (Bamburgh Castle) and also wants revenge against Kjartan, who killed is adopted Danish father. {{Read more|How Historically Accurate is Season 2 of Last Kingdom?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Confederate_monument_Elmira_NY.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[Why are there so many Monuments to the Confederacy across the United States?]]====As one travels across the southern United States, it is not unusual to find monuments and memorials to the Confederate dead in many small towns. In fact, these sculptural pieces, often composed of the same statues and plinths from the Monumental Bronze Co. of Bridgeport, Conn., can be found as far north as Pennsylvania and New York. A study in 2016 found some 1,500 monuments still standing. While in recent years these monuments have become a new source of political conversation their very erection was a movement by Confederate women. {{Read more|Why are there so many Monuments to the Confederacy across the United States?}}</nomobilediv> <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%">[[File:16307509620 d1ab80ba6b.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[What was lynching?]]====Lynching is often described as a form of extralegal, vigilante violence or justice;however, its meaning has evolved over time—from the tarring and feathering of individuals in the Colonial period to the lethal, racial violence that proliferated in the South. According to Digital History, "Lynching received its name from Judge Charles Lynch, a Virginia farmer who punished outlaws and Tories with "rough" justice during the American Revolution." The United States has a long history of vigilance committees whose purposes were to protect the community. According to Linda Gordon, “vigilantism generally means bypassing the legal procedures of the state and substituting direct, usually punitive and coercive action by self-appointed groups of citizens".{{Read more|What was lynching?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Elizabeth_I_when_a_PrincessTomb_of_Nakht.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[What Was the Importance of Alcohol Consumption in Ancient Egypt?]]====There is a common misconception today that life in ancient Egypt was a dreary one for anyone not in the nobility. This image is probably at least partially derived from pop culture where scenes are common in movies that depict Egyptian peasants being worked to the death to make tombs and temples for their gods and kings. The reality is that although the ancient Egyptian social system was quite different from that of the modern world, and they had few of today’s modern conveniences, Egyptians from all social classes enjoyed a leisure culture that was not much different than today’s. {{Read more|thumbWhat Was the Importance of Alcohol Consumption in Ancient Egypt?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:L'aquarium; vue intérieure.jpg|thumbnail|200px|150pxleft]]====[[Was Elizabeth I Justified How Did Public Aquariums Develop?]]====Large public aquariums have become fixtures in most major urban regions. In some places, they have become among the leading attractions for city tourism, where many aquariums have also expanded into conservation efforts and applied research along with being tourist destinations. The history of such aquariums is not completely modern, although the form in having her Cousin Mary Stuartwhich we know aquariums today is mostly a recent development. {{Read more|How Did Public Aquariums Develop?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Karl XII i Ystad 1715, Queen målning av Johan Heinrich Wedekindt från 1719.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[Why did Charles XII of Scotland ExecutedSweden fail to conquer Russia in 1708?]]====The failed invasion of Russia by Hitler and Napoleon are well known. Less well-known is invasion of Russia by the Swedes under their most famous king, Charles XII. Sweden in 1700 was the greatest Northern European power and this provoked the jealousy of its neighbors. This led to the Great Northern War. The culmination of this war was the Swedish monarch’s invasion of Russia and his subsequent defeat by Tsar Peter the Great at Poltava (1709).{{Read more|Why did Charles XII of Sweden fail to conquer Russia in 1708?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:The_Native_Ground.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How have Historians's perceptions of Native Americans changed?]]====In 1997, Kerwin Lee Klein, among others, observed that a wholesale change had occurred in how historians portrayed Native American history. Previously, historians and ethnographers had focused on “the tragedy of the vanishing Indian.”[1] Many Americans, even those sympathetic to Native Americans, argued that Indians ultimately faced extinction. Even though this argument was undermined by the continued survival of Native Americans, scholars were slow to reject it. The Native American rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s emphasized the persistence of Native Americans. {{Read more|How have Historians''Featured Article'''s perceptions of Native Americans changed?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[The Abraham Lincoln Brigade: the Historiography of the American soldiers in the Spanish American War]]====During the Spanish Civil War, approximately 2,800 American men and women answered the call from the Communist party to defend the Spanish republic from fascist aggression. These men and women served in the Fifteenth International Brigade and formed the Abraham Lincoln, Washington and MacKenzie-Papineau Battalions. These soldiers’ stories have been controversial, because 80 percent of these volunteers were Communists. {{Read more|The Abraham Lincoln Brigade: the Historiography of the American soldiers in the Spanish American War}}</div>

When studying <div class="portal">[[File:American_Girls_in_Red_Russia.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px]]====[[American Girls in Red Russia: Interview with Julia Mickenberg]]====Julia L. Mickenberg's new book American Girls in Russia: Chasing the Soviet Dream published by the lives University of Elizabeth I Chicago Press explores the history of the American women who went to Russia looking for adventure, freedom, revolution, work and new life. After they moved to Russia they found challenges and her rival cousin Mary Stuart, modern interpretations paint a fairly definitive picture of their perceived personalitieshardships. Elizabeth’s character is revealed through titles such as ''Elizabeth I, Red Rose Many were disturbed by both the conditions of the House country and the treatment of Tudor'' people by Katherine Lasky, ''Elizabeth I: Queen of England’s'' Golden Age by Paul Hilliam, or Clark Hulse’s Elizabeth: Ruler and Legendthe new government. {{Read more|Was Elizabeth I Justified American Girls in having her Cousin Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland Executed?Red Russia: Interview with Julia Mickenberg}}

[[File:NOLA kidnapping jacket photo (2)GermanHyperChart.jpg|left150px|thumbthumbnail|100pxleft]] ====[[Voodoo, Kidnapping and Race in New Orleans during Reconstruction: Interview with Michael A. RossWhat Were the Causes of Germany's Hyperinflation of 1921-1923?]]===='''Featured Interview'''In OctoberAmong the defining features of early twentieth century Europe and one of the contributing factors to World War II, was the economic maelstrom known as “hyperinflation” that ravaged Germany from 1921 until 1923. Although the short period is often overlooked in popular histories of the period, there is no denying the impacts that the Oxford University Press will be publishing The Great New Orleans Kidnapping Case: Raceprocess had on Germany, LawEurope, and Justice in the Reconstruction Era by Michael A. Ross, an Associate Professor at the University of Marylandworld. {{Read more|Interview:Voodoo, Kidnapping and Race in New Orleans during Reconstruction: Interview with Michael A. RossWhat Were the Causes of Germany's Hyperinflation of 1921-1923?}}

[[File:American_Colossus32936173946 bc0836c5c5 o.jpegjpg|rightthumbnail|thumbleft|100px200px]] ====[[Gilded Age/Progressive Era History Top Ten BooklistWhen did abortion become legal in the United States?]]===='''Featured Booklist'''Creating In colonial America, abortion was dealt with in a manner according to English common law. Abortion was typically only frowned upon, or penalized, when it occurred after “quickening,”—when a Top Ten List for woman felt fetal movement—because it suggested that the Gilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this periodfetus had manifested into its own separate being. These books are a selection of our favoritesQuickening could vary from women to woman, and sometimes as late as four months. {{Read more|Gilded Age/Progressive Era History Top Ten BooklistWhen did abortion become legal in the United States?}}

[[File:626px-Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2_copyAncient_ziggurat.jpg|left150px|thumbthumbnail|100pxleft]]====[[How did Medicine develop What Was the Importance of Ziggurats in the Ancient WorldMesopotamia?]]====As the calendar flipped from June The people of ancient Mesopotamia practiced a religion that modern scholars are only just now beginning to July in 1863 Gettysburg, a small market town founded in understand and the soft, rolling hills physical focal point of south central Pennsylvania on Samuel Gettys farm half a century before, was unknown to most Americans. Four days later, on July 4, it had become "The Most Famous Small Town in Americatheir religion were the monumental," triangular structures known as boosters would come to call itziggurats.{{Read more|How did Medicine develop What Was the Importance of Ziggurats in the Ancient WorldMesopotamia?}}

[[File:Germany_and_the_Origins_of_the_Second_World_WarImmigrants_Ellis.jpg|rightthumbnail|thumbleft|100px200px]]====[[Causes of World War II Top Ten BooklistWorking Toward Whiteness by David Roediger]]====David Roediger’s book <i>Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White: The second world war was arguably Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the most catastrophic war in human history. The origins Suburbs</i> continues his provocative exploration of the second world war in Europe are complex whiteness studies by examining how southern and controversial. The following article is a list of ten books that provide different perspectives on eastern European immigrants became white during the root causes first half of the second worldtwentieth century. Roediger argues that “the long, circuitous process by which ‘new immigrants’ became ‘white ethnics’” matters. {{Read more|Causes of World War II Top Ten BooklistWorking Toward Whiteness by David Roediger}}

[[File:BritishmuseumassyrianrelieftwohorsemennimrudMarco Polo traveling.jpgjpeg|left|thumbthumbnail|100px200px]] ====[[How has What Is the Role History of Horses Changed in Human SocietiesIce Cream?]]====The horse Ice cream has been a popular treat that many see today is often seen as an animal useful for recreationhaving developed relatively recently, sport, transport, and workas ice cream usually requires a form of refrigeration. The nature While the modern form of ice cream is relatively more recent, the horseidea of ice cream has been present for millennia. Ice treats, howeverwhich eventually gave us ice cream, has changed in different societies across time. Sometimes horses were seen as war animals, while refreshing snacks usually reserved for elites or those who can obtain ice in other places and periods there use was the privy times of royaltywarm or hot weather.{{Read more|How has What Is the Role History of Horses Changed in Human SocietiesIce Cream?}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1981-070-15, Frankreich, Panzer IVTod des Spartacus by Hermann Vogel.jpg|thumbnail|right|thumbleft|100px200px]]====[[How Did What was the German Military Develop Blitzkriegimpact of Spartacus' uprising on Rome?]]====The early German victories in Poland, Norway, France, Spartacus was a Thracian and he had once fought with the Low Countries, the Balkans, North AfricaRomans. According to Plutarch, he was enslaved by them after he had deserted. Due to his strength and Russia form an impressive list of military triumphsskills he was trained as a gladiator. What was moreIn 73BC, these triumphs were accomplished with great speed and fairly modest cost he plotted to the Germans. Indeedescape from his gladiatorial school, these victories were so striking that they gave rise to near Capua in southern Italy and was joined in the myth of German military supremacy—a myth that has persisted conspiracy by up to this day100 other gladiators.{{Read more|How Did What was the German Military Develop Blitzkriegimpact of Spartacus' uprising on Rome?}}

[[File:Taming_ManhattanHoecke_Croesus_showing_his_treasures.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|100px200px]]====[[Interview:Pigs, Parks, and Power How Did Croesus Become the Wealthiest Man in the Antebellum City: Interview with Catherine McNeurAncient World?]]====Two hundred years agoAccording the fifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus, instead who has often been called the “father of being littered with gleaming glass towers and skyscrapershistory, Manhattan ” the Lydian King Croesus (ruled ca. 560-540s BC) was home the world’s wealthiest king who ruled the world’s wealthiest kingdom. When Salon, the legendary Athenian law giver, came to thousands Lydia see the king’s wealth personally, Croesus immediately had his servants “take him on a tour of wandering pigs the royal treasuries” in order to “point out the richness and livestock. Antebellum Manhattan bore little resemblance to modern Manhattan's gleaming skylinemagnificence of everything. ”{{Read more|Interview:Pigs, Parks, and Power How Did Croesus Become the Wealthiest Man in the Antebellum City: Interview with Catherine McNeurAncient World?}}

[[File:The_Straight_StateOseberg_ship_-_IMG_9129.jpg|thumbnail|rightleft|thumb|100px200px]] ====[[History of Sex (American Version) Top Ten BooklistWhat if the Vikings Never Invaded England?]]====These are our Top Ten History of Sex books (American Version). As per usualThe Viking, we included some caveats or more accurately Danish and and explanations for our selections.FirstNorsemen, this is a history invasions of sex / history England in the 9th century CE (865) helped lead to what ultimately would become the united country of sexuality listEngland. We understand that there is a distinction butBefore 865, for usEngland was divided into four or sometimes more countries, these two things blur togetherpopulated by Angles and Saxons (or Anglo-Saxons). {{Read more|History of Sex (American Version) Top Ten BooklistWhat if the Vikings Never Invaded England?}}

<div class==[[How did ancient Professional Armies develop?]]=="portal">[[File:600px-Victory stele of Naram Sin 9066Privateering.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|100px150px]]Warfare has been a constant throughout human history and conflict can certainly be traced back to our hominid ancestors in our evolutionary past====[[Privateering during the War of 1812: Interview with Faye M. While technology today is often used as Kert]]====During the distinguishing characteristic War 1812, US and Canadian privateers fought most of warfare, the development naval battles between the United States and Great Britain. These privateers were comprised of captains who were motivated by the professional army, that is fulltime soldiers and formations promise of profit to fight for their countries. There was a standing army, was also an important factor strong legal framework in making warfare an affair conducted throughout both the year United States and Great Britain that normalized piracy. Canadian and allowed the establishment American ship owners and investors took advantage of large-scale states it and empires funded privateering outfits during the war. Needless to be possiblesay, privateers were incredibly risky investments.{{Read more|How did ancient Professional Armies develop?Privateering during the War of 1812: Interview with Faye M. Kert}}

[[File:Plimpton 322Cayleff.jpg|thumbnail|rightleft|thumb|100px150px]]====[[How Did Early Mathematics Evolve?Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. Cayleff]]====Mathematics today profoundly affects our societies and has had At the very end of the 19th Century, a lasting impact on science new system called naturopathy was created by Benedict and technologyLouisa Stroebel Lust. HoweverUnlike many of the 19th Century medical systems created, before Greek mathematicians developed many wonderful achievements in naturopathy has persevered to this areaday. Naturopathic healing was founded and based on number of influences including botanics, hydrotherapy, eclecticism, what are the origins of mathematics temperance and how did this field evolve in its early history?[1]vegetarianism. {{Read more|How Did Early Mathematics Evolve?Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. Cayleff}}

[[File:British_Lancers.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why did the Battle of the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectives?]]====The Battle of the Somme or the Somme Offensive was a series of battles that occurred during the Summer and Autumn of 1916. It involved British and French forces launching a massive assault on the German lines in an effort to break the stalemate on the Western Front. The Battle was primarily a battle between the Germans and the British. The offensive achieved very little and both sides suffered heavy casualties. The British only advanced a few miles and the German lines held. The stalemate was not broken by the offensive. {{Read more|Why did the Battle of the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectives?}}</div> <div class="portal">[[File:French_soldiers.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Origins of World War One - Top Ten Booklist]]====The First World War was an incredibly destructive and wide ranging catastrophe. Not only did it dramatically change the map of Europe and the world and it led to further instability. The First World War was one of the most important wars in human history. There has long been a debate about the exact cause of the First World War. The assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand triggered the war but its ultimate causes were far more complex. {{Read more|Origins of World War One - Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal">[[File:Queen_Anne's_Lace_(25468119510).jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What was used for birth control in medieval Europe?]]==Interviews==These Birth is a universal experience for humanity and therefore, so is conception. This makes the issue of contraception one which stretched back into antiquity. While this topic is frequently in modern news, the historic practices of contraception and the specific methods utilized are rarely touched upon. {{Read more|What was used for birth control in medieval Europe?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:GW-painting.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px]]====[[What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution?]]====The Second Continental Congress voted unanimously to put George Washington in charge of the Continental Army in 1775. Washington was only 43 years old at the time, a gentleman planter and local Virginian politician. {{Read more|What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:512px-Filip II Macedonia.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[How did Phillip II of Macedon change Ancient Greek history?]]====Alexander the Great is one of the most famous men in history. However, it is generally recognized that Alexander’s achievements would have been impossible without his father, Philip II of Macedon, who reigned from 359 to 336 B.C. He is not as well-known as his son but he laid the foundations for the great Empire of Alexander.{{Read more|How did Phillip II of Macedon change Ancient Greek history?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Egyptian kitchen Berlin 1.jpg|thumbnail|left|220px]]=====[[How did kitchens develop?]]=====Few places in a home are as important or symbolic for our interviews social bonds than the kitchen. In almost every culture, the kitchen serves not only as the place where food is prepared, but serves as a social hub for families and friends. Humans develop deep social bonds with family and friends in their kitchen. The kitchen does not simply provide for our daily nutrition but also helps to reinforce our social character. Whether humans are cooking around a fire or chopping vegetables on a granite counter-top, they are also interacting with historians discussing one another. {{Read more|How did kitchens develop?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Christiaan_Barnard_(1968).jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[When did the First Heart Transplant take place?]]====When Christiaan Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967, it was initially seen as remarkable scientific achievement, but overtime both the medical community and the general public were forced to re-evaluate heart transplants. The medical community quickly realized that the first transplants were little more than dangerous and unpredictable experiments.{{Read more|When did the First Heart Transplant take place?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Keller.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why Did Helen Keller Become a Socialist?]]====Helen Keller (1880–1967) is best known for her triumph over blindness, deafness, and muteness. Rescued from the isolation of her afflictions as a young girl by the Perkins Institute for the Blind teacher Anne Sullivan, Keller learned to understand a basic form of sign language and learned to “feel” and imitate the sound of the human voice. {{Read more|Why Did Helen Keller Become a Socialist?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[When was Mesothelioma First Diagnosed?]]====The history of Mesothelioma is complicated. Medicine struggled to establish its existence and understand what caused it. Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that forms on the "tissues that cover the lungs and abdomen." Mesothelioma is typically tied to the exposure of people to asbestos in either their new booksenvironment or workplace.{{Read more|When was Mesothelioma First Diagnosed?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Rabbbi's_Atheist_.jpeg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter: Interview with Bonnie S. Anderson]]====History is fickle. During the 19th Century, Ernestine Rose was one of the most important and famous international advocates for feminism, free thought and anti-slavery. She worked closely with renowned figures in this movement such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Despite her contributions to feminism, atheism, and anti-slavery, since her death she has slowly been erased from history. {{#dplRead more|The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter:categoryInterview with Bonnie S. Anderson}}</div> <div class="portal" style=Interviews"font-size:90%">[[File:Skythian_archer_plate_BM_E135_by_Epiktetos.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[When did Men Start Wearing Pants?]]====Why did humans start wearing pants? To answer this question it’s important to understand two things - first, what were the earliest forms of clothing and how did they evolve into pants and secondly, why did a need for pants develop? It is also helpful to define what is meant by pants - specifically a bifurcated garment for the bottom half of the body which covers from waist to the lower leg. It is also helpful to define what is meant by pants - specifically a bifurcated garment for the bottom half of the body which covers from waist to the lower leg. {{Read more|When did Men Start Wearing Pants?}}

<div class="portal">====[[Book Review: "The Assassin's Accomplice."]]==Booklists==Includes both Expert [[File:Assassins_accomplice.jpg|left|thumb|150px]]Kate Clifford Larson's book The Assassin’s Accomplice: Mary Surratt and the Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln is a well-researched narrative exploring the prosecution of Mary Surratt. The Assassin’s Accomplice details the events that revolved around Mrs. Surratt in the days and User created Top Ten History Booklistsweeks leading up to the assassination of President Lincoln.{{#dplRead more|Book Review:category=Booklists|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=15"The Assassin's Accomplice."}}

<div class="portal" >[[File:Almost_a_Miracle.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[American Revolution Top Ten Booklist]]==Articles==Articles are wiki pages with history essays written On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by our experts and your contributionsthe Continental Congress. This act was only the first step towards the creation of the United States. The impact of this revolution cannot be ignored.{{#dplRead more|American Revolution Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Pinkertons.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[Inventing the Pinkertons:categoryInterview with Paul O'Hara]]==Wikis|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descendingIn 1850, Allan Pinkerton founded a detective agency that would grow into the Pinkerton's National Detective Agency. Pinkerton's agency is easily the most famous and infamous security guard and detective agency in United States history. Pinkerton originally created the agency to help railroad companies investigate their employees and catch train robbers. But over time, the Pinkertons developed an intimate relationship with the federal government and as these partnerships grew the Pinkertons' role increased dramatically. {{Read more|count=15Inventing the Pinkertons: Interview with Paul O'Hara}}

<div class="portal">==Categories==[[Gilded Age/Progressive Era History Top Ten Booklist]]====[[File:American_Colossus.jpeg|left|thumb|125px]]Below you can find Creating a Top Ten List for the category structure Gilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this period. These books are a selection of our favorites. Creating a Top Ten List for the wikiGilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this period. These books are a selection of our favorites. Most of these books are focused on trying to define this era as whole, as well as the pages within each categoryinstead of focusing on a single issue.<categorytree mode=pages showcount=on>{{Read more|Gilded Age/Progressive Era History</categorytree> Top Ten Booklist}}

[[File:Samuel_Hahnemann_1841.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Century?]]====Nineteenth-century medicine was characterized by constant competition among three major medical sects: Regulars, Eclectics, and Homeopaths.[1] Each of these medical sects not only meaningfully disagreed on how to treat illnesses and diseases, but sought to portray their type of practice as the most effective and scientific.{{Read more|What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Century?}}</div> <div class="portal">[[File:Congress_of_Vienna_1815.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px]]====[[Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?]]====The Congress of Vienna was a gathering of representatives of European kingdoms that was presided over by the Austrian Chancellor Klemens Von Metternich. The Congress was held in Vienna from 1814 to 1815. The goals of the Congress were to secure peace and stability in Europe and to ensure that revolutions did not destabilize the Continent. {{Read more|Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Tissot Solomon Dedicates the Temple at Jerusalem.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[History of God Top Ten Booklist]]====The concept of God and his historical development is an extraordinarily complex topic and it is not easily addressed in ten books. These books seek attempt to explain a complex story on how the concept of God developed in different cultures, places, and across time. The history of the idea of God is long and has its roots from prehistoric to early historic periods in the ancient Near East. Later cultures developed concepts that derive from ancient Iran, Greece, Egypt, and perhaps other regions.{{Read more|History of God Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:William-wallace-monument-1256291 1280.jpeg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How historically accurate is Braveheart?]]====Braveheart was a popular movie released in 1995 that won 5 Oscars and featured Mel Gibson as William Wallace. Wallace was a Scottish knight who became a hero in the Scottish rebellions against the English in the late 13th and early 14th century. The movie helped to inspire Scottish national pride while also, to some, represent an early, Medieval warrior who fought for freedom for himself and his people. While much of the story depicted did occur, including the English occupation of Scotland during the time of Edward I, king of England, the depiction of the revolt against the English and other events do not correspond well to historical accounts.{{Read more|How historically accurate is Braveheart?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File: Drysocks.JPG |thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[What Was the Importance of Bill Mauldin to WWII Infantrymen?]]====Bill Mauldin once said that the infantryman “gives more and gets less than anybody else.” He knew this from his experience on the front lines with K Company, 180th Infantry Regiment, of the 45th Division. Mauldin went through basic training as an infantryman and stayed with his regiment throughout the invasion of Sicily and the Allied campaign up the boot of Italy. The talented cartoonist succeeded in ruffling the feathers of the “brass” all the way up to General George Patton.{{Read more|What Was the Importance of Bill Mauldin to WWII Infantrymen?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Florence_Cathedral.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why did the Italian Renaissance End?]]====The Italian Renaissance was one of the most exciting periods in human civilisation. It witnessed a great flourishing of the arts, literature, philosophy, architecture and politics. Many of the greatest figures in World Civilisation appeared during the Renaissance in Italy, including Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Machiavelli and Raphael.{{Read more|Why did the Italian Renaissance End?}}</div> <div class="portal">[[File:Gettysburg.jpeg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Civil War Battles Top Ten Booklist]]====A DailyHistory.org top ten booklist focusing on best book on the battles of the American Civil War. The books on this list explore the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, Chancellorsville, and many others. Take a look at our list. {{Read more|Civil War Battles Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Stalingrad three.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px]] ====[[Why did Germany lose the Battle of Stalingrad?]]====Hitler saw the war in terms of his personal rivalry with Stalin and he decided to attack the city, because of its symbolic value. However, the original aim of the offensive in Southern Russian was to secure the oil fields in the Caucasus. The oil was essential for the German war machine. Hitler knew this – instead of opting for concentrating all his forces on the conquest of the oil fields, he made perhaps a fateful mistake.{{Read more|Why did Germany lose the Battle of Stalingrad?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:portraitbowie.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[The Mysterious Illness of Jim Bowie: How Did He Contributeto His Own Decline?]]====Directly or indirectly, Jim Bowie’s enigmatic illness resulted from his own actions. A hearty man of six feet in height, Bowie was a walking contradiction; a slave trader who fought for freedom, a generous and congenial man who called out his thunderous temper on a whim, and a commanding leader who was prone to binges of sloppy drunkenness.{{Read more|The Mysterious Illness of Jim Bowie: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====History of Religion===={{#dpl:category=Religious History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Ancient Greek History===={{#dpl:category=Ancient Greek History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====American Civil War===={{#dpl:category=Civil War|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====19th Century History===={{#dpl:category=19th Century History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Renaissance History===={{#dpl:category=Renaissance History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====History of Early US Republic====*[[Thomas Jefferson, the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam Haselby]]*[[The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Interview with Terri Halperin]]*[[Fate of the Revolution: Interview with Lorri Glover]]*[[American Revolution Top Ten Booklist]]*[[What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution?]]*[[Hodges' Scout: Interview with Len Travers]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Sports History====*[[Did Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?]]*[[How did modern boxing emerge?]]*[[How did the game of golf emerge?]]*[[How did the marathon emerge?]]*[[How did the modern tennis emerge?]]*[[Who integrated the NBA?]]*[[How did hunting become a symbol of the aristocracy/royalty]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Legal History====*[[American Legal History Top Ten Booklist]]*[[American Surveillance: Interview with Anthony Gregory]]*[[How did the Sharia Law develop?]]*[[How has the Roman Lex Mercatoria evolved to play a role in modern International Trade and Commerce Codification?]]*[[How does The Magna Carta influence the Modern Perceptions of Civil Rights?]]*[[How has ancient Rome influenced European law?]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====World War I===={{#dpl:category=World War One History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====European Interwar Political History====*[[How did Vladimir Lenin Rise To Power?]]*[[How Joseph Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union]]*[[How did Mussolini become Prime Minister of Italy?]]*[[Primed for Violence in Interwar Poland: Interview with Paul Brykczynski]]*[[The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact- Stalin’s greatest mistake?]]*[[The Nazi triumph: how did Adolf Hitler become the Fuehrer of Germany?]]*[[Why did the the Weimar Republic Collapse?]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====World War Two===={{#dpl:category=World War Two History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====British History===={{#dpl:category=British History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div><div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Roman History===={{#dpl:category=Roman History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Historically Accurate===={{#dpl:category=Historically Accurate|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div>  <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Interviews===={{#dpl:category=Interviews|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Booklists===={{#dpl:category=Booklists|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Articles====Here are some of our most recently created and edited articles.{{#dpl:category=Wikis|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Book Reviews====Here are some of our most recent book reviews.{{#dpl:category=Book Review|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Great History Sites===={{Template:Blog Roll}}DailyHistory.org also supports the [https://www.betterads.org/ Coalition for Better Ads] because we also hate ads that slow browsing and are annoying. </div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Contribute====DailyHistory.org is a communitiy history wiki where you can create and edit history articles. *Every article answers a historical question and every booklist is a Top ten list. 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