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==Modern Development==
The role of Arabian and Middle Eastern traders continued through the early Medieval period. Increasingly, however, Italian traders from Genoa and Venice became important in the Medieval trade in pepper to Europe. After the disruptions of the fall of Rome, pepper only began to make a comeback in Europe by the later parts of the Medieval period. By then, the Italian traders controlled much of it, which meant that the price of black pepper in Europe became very high, likely meaning it was not commonly consumed as it may have been even in the Roman period.
==Summary==
==References==
