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<i>Alexander</i> is a 2004 historical drama about Alexander the Great, from his early childhood to his death at Babylon in 323 BCE. ====Basic Plot====The film is narrated by movie begins with Ptolemy I Soter, who was one narrating the key events of Alexander's generals life and became the founder events revolving around his invasion of the Ptolemaic dynasty that ruled Achaemenid Empire (Persian Empire). Alexander was declared a god in Egypt until and then fought the pivotal Battle of Gaugamela, where the Roman conquestPersian army was defeated and later fell, although Alexander failed to kill or capture the Persian king, forcing him to march further east. The story depicts then goes back in time to show the strained relationship between Alexander's complex personalitymother (Olympias)and Philip II. Alexander takes solace in wrestling, horse riding, his ideals of uniting the eastern and western worldsbecomes tutored by Aristotle.<ref>For more on Alexander's early life, his unprecedented in succes in conquering not only the largest empire at the timesee: Freeman, P. (2011). <i>Alexander the Achaemenid Persians, but also his expansion into India and Central AsiaGreat.</i> New York: Simon & Schuster. </ref>

==Basic Plot==[[File:alexander_ver5.jpeg|thumbnail|<i>After Alexander</i> movie poster.]]The movie begins with Ptolemy I Soter narrating is declared king and unites the key events of AlexanderGreeks after his father's life and events revolving around (Philip II) death, his campaign against the Persians commences. After his invasion victory in Gaugamela, one key focus was on Alexander entering Babylon, one of the great cities of the Achaemenid Empire (Persian ) Empire). Alexander was declared a god is depicted as being in Egypt and then fought the pivotal Battle awe of Gaugamela, where the Persian army was defeated great city and later fell, although Alexander failed to kill or capture showed more interest in uniting the Persian kingworld with the Greek world, making these worlds better than they would be alone, forcing him to march further east. The story then goes back in time to show where he is the strained relationship between Alexander's mother (Olympias)and Philip IIgreat king of this new united world. Alexander takes solace While his soldiers delight in wrestling, horse ridinghis great victory, Alexander is shown as thinking more about the future and becomes tutored by Aristotlefreeing those who were enslaved at the Persian court.

After Alexander is declared king and unites the Greeks after his father's death, his campaign against the Persians commences. After his victory in Gaugamela, one key focus was on Alexander entering Babylon, one of the great cities of the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire. Alexander is depicted as being in awe of the great city and showed more interest in uniting the Persian world with the Greek world, where he is the great king of this new united world. While his soldiers delight in his great victory, Alexander is shown as thinking more about the future and freeing those who were enslaved at the Persian court. He gives permission for permitted royal individuals, including Darius' daughter, to remain and be treated with respect. Meanwhile, while Alexander is staying in Babylon, his mother makes him aware of conspiracies against him but berates him for being too generous with his enemies. Alexander is shown as conflicted about his destiny. Hephaistion, one of Alexander's generals, is shown as his close companion, confidant, and lover. <ref>For more on Alexander's battles against the Persians and time in Babylon see: Cheshire, K. A. (2009). <i>Alexander the Great.</i> Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref>

Alexander then pushed on into Central Iran and his troops eventually killed central Asia and India, where Alexander finally marries, choosing and Darius III. He chooses to marry Roxana, a marriage with a Persian-Bactrian princess that was also intended to help unify the worlds that Alexander wanted to conquer. The Greek generals and soldiers are not completely wholly convinced in this marriage, as the Greeks saw the newly conquered as barbariansand Alexander should marry a Greek or Macedonian. Alexander, though, seems to be happy with her, despite Hephaistion's possible jealousy. Later, one of Alexander's close strategists, Parmenion, is assassinated as he was accused of treason against Alexander. Then, Cleitus, an officer serving Alexander, who was to be governor of Bactria, got involved in a drunken dispute with Alexander, where Cleitus insulted Alexander, leading to Alexander killing Cleitus. This event and assassination of Parmenion showed the increased strain Alexander and his men were coming under as they had campaigned for so long away from Macedonia. Alexander offers generous rewards and pensions to his soldiers to keep their loyalty as he continues east.

Later, one of Alexander then pushes his men where they fight the Battle of Hydaspes in Punjab's close strategists, Parmenion, India. Alexander is shown assassinated as being gravely injured and the battle being particularly bloody, although the battle he was won by accused of treason against Alexander and his troops. His army wasThen, Cleitus, at this pointan officer serving Alexander, exhausted and many men perished as they marched back who was to Babylon. Back be governor of Bactria, got involved in Babylona drunken dispute with Alexander, where Cleitus insulted Alexander was shown as trying , leading to forge a united Greek Alexander killing Cleitus. This event and eastern state that combined Persian the assassination of Parmenion showed the increased strain Alexander and other eastern populationshis men were coming under as they had campaigned for so long away from Macedonia. His lover Hephaistion dies from Typhus Alexander offers generous rewards and a few months later Alexander joins him in deathpensions to his soldiers to keep their loyalty as he continues east. With <ref>For more on Alexander's deathlast years of campaigning and problems with his followers, see: Gabriel, his generals divide his kingdomR. A. (2015). Ptolemy is shown as creating a biography about <i>The Madness of Alexander, where the movie suggests the generals poisoned Alexander Great: and sickness did not kill him, as the generals feared Alexander may have wanted to launch new campaigns to the dismay Myth of his soldiersMilitary Genius.</i> Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.</ref>

<u>Alexander</u>: Alexander (Figure 1) Forty years later, Ptolemy, who now ruled Egypt, is shown as creating a complex character who was driven by vision of a different future than what his followers saw. While biography about Alexander, where the movie suggests the Greeks generals poisoned Alexander and Macedonians focused on revenge and plundersickness did not kill him, he as the generals feared Alexander may have wanted a world under one great king. His relationship with his father and mother shaped him but also distanced him from them, where he took solace in wrestling and later to launch new campaigns to the dismay of his war campaignssoldiers. Historically, <ref>For more on Alexander's great vision last months at Babylon, see: Romm, J. S. (2011). <i>Ghost on the throne: the death of uniting Alexander the Greek Great and Persian worlds was likely true, although the concept of a great, unifying king had already existed in Persian beliefs in governingwar for crown and empire.</i> New York: Alfred A. Knopf. </ref>

====Key Characters====[[File:AlexanderTheGreat.jpeg|thumbnail|left|Figure 1. Portrait of Alexander likely from Alexandria, where the bust was depicted in the film as Ptolemy gazed at it while recounting the story of Alexander.]]<u>Alexander</u>: Alexander (Figure 1) is shown as a complex character who was driven by a vision of a different future than what his followers saw. While the Greeks and Macedonians focused on revenge and plunder, he wanted a world under one great king. His relationship with his father and mother shaped him but also distanced him from them, where he took solace in wrestling and later his war campaigns. Historically, Alexander's great vision of uniting the Greek and Persian worlds was likely true, although the concept of a great, unifying king had already existed in Persian beliefs in governing. <dh-ad/><u>Hephaistion</u>: Was one of Alexander's generals who grew up with him and became his closest companion. Historically, he was known as a distinct general with great skills. Although ALexander Alexander and Hephaistion were close, no clear evidence indicates they were lovers. He was, however, considered as Alexander's alter ego and Alexander portrayed him as a reflection of himself. When he died, Alexander did go into a rage and showed great sadness for his dead friend.<ref>For more on Hephaistion, see: Heckel, W. (2016). <i>Alexander’s marshals: a study of the Macedonian aristocracy and the politics of military leadership (Second edition).</i> New York, NY: Routledge, pg. 93.</ref>

<u>Olympias</u>: The mother of Alexander was shown as a controlling personality who had a very difficult complicated relationship with her husband. She was a worshiper of Dionysus and was rumored to have slept with snakes as part of that cult. Her infatuation with snakes was displayed in the movie. She did conspire to kill Eurydice, the seventh wife of Phillip II, and her son so that her son Alexander would rule. She did regularly correspond with Alexander, as depicted in the film. After Alexander's death, she tried to establish Alexander's son on the throne but eventually was killed in 317 BCE, along with Alexander's son, during the struggles for Alexander's kingdom after his death. <ref>For more on Alexander's mother, see: Messmore, P. (2001). <i>Philip and Olympias: a novel of ancient Macedon.</i> Bloomington, IN: 1st Books Library.</ref>

<u>Ptolemy I Soter</u>: Ptolemy was a noted general in Alexander's army and played important roles in the campaigns in Central Asia and India. He later founded the Ptolemaic dynasty and was one of the generals that divided Alexander's empire after his death. The film displays Ptolemy recounting the life of Alexander, where this account was ultimately lost in the fire that destroyed Alexandria's Great Library centuries later.<ref>For more on Ptolemy, see: Buraselis, K., Stefanou, M., & Thompson, D. J. (Eds.). (2013). <i>The Ptolemies, the sea and the Nile: studies in waterborne power.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>

[[File:AlexanderTheGreat.jpeg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Portrait ====Historical Accuracy====Many historians have criticized the film for lack of clarity on many key issues in Alexander likely from Alexandria's life. For instance, where the bust key battles and sieges were ignored and too much focus was given on Gaugamela. The Persians were depicted as mostly disorganized, but in reality were a formidable, organized force that required Alexander's great skill to defeat them. Many of the characters, including Cleitus and Darius III, the film Persian king, were shown as Ptolemy gazed at it while recounting the story of Alexanderyoung, but in reality were older men in their 40s and 50s.]]

The film has been criticized by many historians for a lack clarity on many key issues in Alexander's life. For instance, key battles and sieges were ignored and too much focus was given on Gaugamela. The Persians were depicted as mostly disorganized, but in In reality were a formidable, organized force that required Alexander's great skill to defeat them. Many of the charactersalthough he did commission its construction, including Philotas and Darius III, the Persian king, were shown as young, but in reality were older men in their 40s and 50s. Alexander is shown as wounded in the battle at Hydaspes, but in reality he it was wounded in another engagement in India. Many generalities are also given regarding Babylon, where imagery showed a combination of Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian themes not finished in the mostly Babylonian city that was one of the capitals of the Achaemenid Empire. In fact, imagery of Babylon remind one of the film <i>Intolerance</i> by D.W.Griffith, which was full of a variety of mixed legends. The Indian ruler Porus historically earned the respect of Alexander and was given status as a king even after his defeat to Alexander. This is mostly ignored in the filmlifetime. At the time of the film's release, much was made about Alexander's homosexual behavior. Although Alexander was rumored to have slept with men, with his companion Hephaestion as one possibility, there is no clear evidence if he slept with women and men. It is known Alexander did have several wives, but it may not have not been uncommon, at least for royalty, also to also have male lovers as well as wives. The strongest most persuasive evidence he had a male lover is with Bagoas, a Persian eunuch in Darius' court who may have also been Darius' lover. Bagoas was described as having exceptional beauty from known accounts. Despite some fairly glaring inaccuracies, some often less known facts do come through, including the diary that Ptolemy wrote that did likely exist and probably did burn in Alexandria centuries later when the famous Great Library burned. This, in fact, probably gave the film some historical leeway and does suggest there probably is a lot about Alexander we have never learned.

==Summary==The film <i>Alexander</i> never gained great popularity in the United States at the time of its releaseDespite some reasonably glaring inaccuracies, relative to the major cast of well some often less known actorsfacts do come through, but since has gained greater popularity. The film focuses on what it considers key events in including the time of Alexander, but also contributes many 20th diary that Ptolemy wrote that did likely exist and 21st probably did burn in Alexandria centuries themes of individual freedom in depicting Alexander's ventures into Asia. Such coupling of these modern ideals is probably fancifullater when the famous Great Library burned. Although to historians This gave the film has some historical leeway and did suggest there probably is a lot about Alexander we have never learned.<ref>For more on the period of key inaccuraciesAlexander and his successor generals, see: Waterfield, R. (2013). <i>Dividing the film does inform as well as entertain regarding some of spoils: the key events in war for Alexander's life, including his rise to power, his attempt to unify the Greek and Persian worldsGreat’s empire.</i> Oxford; New York, key battles, and his marriages to foreign wivesN.Y.: Oxford University Press.</ref>

====Summary====The film <i>Alexander</i> never gained great popularity in the United States at the time of its release, relative to the major cast of well-known actors, but since has gained greater popularity. The film focuses on what it considers key events in the time of Alexander but also contributes many 20th and 21st centuries themes of individual freedom in depicting Alexander's ventures into Asia. Such coupling of these modern ideals is probably fanciful. Although to historians the film has a lot of key inaccuracies, the film does inform as well as entertain regarding some of the key events in Alexander's life, including his rise to power, his attempt to unify the Greek and Persian worlds, key battles, and his marriages to foreign wives. <div class="portal" style="width:85%;">==Related DailyHistory.org Articles==*[[British Criminal and Legal History Top Ten Booklist]]*[[How did Winston Churchill become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in World War Two?]]*[[Was Elizabeth I Justified in having her Cousin Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland Executed?]]*[[How does The Magna Carta influence the Modern Perceptions of Civil Rights?]]*[[Privateering during the War of 1812: Interview with Faye M. Kert]]*[[Did the Congress of Berlin create a more unstable Europe?]]</div> [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Alexander the Great]][[Category:Ancient History]] [[Category:Historically Accurate]] [[Category:Greek History]] ====References====<references/>{{Contributors}}