Changes

[[File:Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC.jpg|left|400px|thumbnail|Women's Liberation March in Washington, D.C., in 1970 by Warren K. Leffler]]Today, feminism is an ideology/theory that most people fail to fully understand. Feminism has been described as having three separate waves. The first wave of feminism started in the mid-19th Century and culminated with the women's suffrage movement. Second wave feminism started in the late 1950s moved into the 1980s. Historians and feminist/gender scholars describe today’s feminist theory, ideology and social/political movement as the ''third wave'' of feminism. Second wave feminism started in the late 1950s moved into the 1980s. This The ‘’second wave’’ of feminism started after the women were forced out of the workplace after end of World War Two and essentially ended with the failure to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment. Second-wave feminism splintered after criticism grew that the movement had focused on white women to the the exclusion of everyone else. ==== Lead up to the Second Wave====The women's movement before the 1920s was characterized by the suffrage movement that led to women gaining the right to vote. From the 1890s and early part of the 20th century, much of the women's movement focused on general societal inequalities and, such as poor working and housing conditions, while also focusing on social ills such as alcoholism and prostitution. Black women in the Southwest of the United States, during the 1930s, for instance, joined labor unions such as the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) to protest poor wages and work environments they had to endure. <ref>Ruíz, Vicki. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0826309887/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0826309887&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=7979bf4a8ff003689e7f9d58a2862cd2 Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry, 1930-1950]</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987.</ref> Apart from this general social activism and gaining the right to vote, gender-specific topics, including equality in work and pay, were not major focus areas.

== Lead up In the 1940s, women gained increasing employment as men left overseas to fight in World War II. In fact, it was World War II that can be argued as the Second Wave ==The women's major trigger for the second wave feminist movement before that occurred after the war. During the 1920s was characterized by war years, the suffrage movement labor unions that led had grown in the 1930s became even stronger as women became increasingly employed, particularly in manufacturing jobs required to women gaining support the right to votewar effort. From During the 1890s 1940s, new work benefits became available to women, including maternity leave, daycare, and early part of the 20th centurycounseling. These benefits developed more substantially in Europe, as many countries there were devastated by war, where much of the women's movement focused on general societal inequalities male population was reduced.<ref> Laughlin, Kathleen A., andJacqueline L. Castledine. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415874009/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415874009&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=6b8857f4b500c32da5bf87aac9369b9c Breaking the Wave: Women, Their Organizations, such as poor working and housing conditionsFeminism, while also focusing on social ills such as alcoholism and prostitution1945-1985]</i>. New York: Routledge, 2011, 4. Black women </ref> Nevertheless, in the Southwest of the United States, during women's participation in the 1930slabor force in World War II created a feeling among many women, for instanceafter the war ended, joined labor unions such that they also deserved the same types of rights as men in jobs they filled. This was highlighted by the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) to protest poor wages fact that many men who came back and work environments they had to endureretook their old jobs from women who were doing them during the war also were given higher salaries, further highlighting this inequality. <ref>RuízMilkman, Ruth, Vicki. <i>Cannery Women, Cannery Lives[https: Mexican Women//www.amazon.com/gp/product/0252081773/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0252081773&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=69155be1a38d6dea3b598cf2d3940b8f On Gender, UnionizationLabor, and the California Food Processing IndustryInequality, 1930-1950Working Class in American History]</i>. AlbuquerqueUrbana, Chicago: University of New Mexico Illinois Press, 19872016. Pg. 83.</ref> Apart from this general social activism and gaining the right to vote, gender-specific topics, including equality in work and pay, were not a major focus areas

In the 1940s1950s, women gained increasing employment as men left overseas to fight in World War II. In fact, it was World War II that can be argued as the major trigger for the second wave feminist movement that occurred after the war. During the war years, the labor unions that had grown in the 1930s became even stronger as women became increasingly employed, particularly in manufacturing jobs required economy began to support expand and the war effort. During height of the 1940s, new work benefits became available red scare or anti-communist sentiment began to women, including maternity leave, daycare, and counseling. These benefits developed more substantially in Europe, as many countries there were devastated by war, where much of the male population was reduceddiminish feminist organization.<ref> Laughlin, Kathleen A., and Jacqueline L. Castledine. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415874009/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415874009&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=6b8857f4b500c32da5bf87aac9369b9c Breaking the Wave: Women, Their Organizations, and Feminism, 1945-1985]</i>. New York: Routledge, 2011, 490. </ref> NeverthelessHowever, in by the United Statesearly late 1950s and 1960s, as more prolonged prosperity took hold, women's participation in the labor force in World War II created a feeling among many womenthere was greater interest to explore new ideas and movements emerged, after including the war endedcivil rights movement, that they also deserved the same types of rights began to question establish social constructs such as men segregation and inequality in jobs they filledthe work place. This was highlighted by By the fact that many men who came back and retook their old jobs from women who were doing them during early 1960s, the war also were given higher salaries, further highlighting this inequalitysocial atmosphere began to be conducive for a major feminist movement.<ref>MilkmanGilmore, RuthStephanie, ed., <i>On Gender[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0252075390/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0252075390&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=53a802ecde3a40d4fda23475f8d008a1 Feminist Coalitions: Historical Perspectives on Second-Wave Feminism in the United States, Labor, and Inequality, Working Class Women in American History].</i>. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2016. Pg. 832008.</ref>

In ==== Ideology that Shaped the 1950sMovement ==== [[File:The_Second_Sex.jpg|thumbnail|left|300px|<i>The Second Sex</i> by Simone de Beauvoir]] After World War II, the economy some writers began to expand question how women in society were perceived and the height of role they played, particularly as the red scare or anti-communist sentiment began war had shown women made valuable contributions and in many cases performed tasks equally to diminish feminist organizationme. <ref> LaughlinIn 1949, Kathleen A., and Jacqueline L. Castledine. Simone de Beauvoir published <i>Breaking the Wave[https: Women, Their Organizations, and Feminism, 1945-1985</i>/www. New York: Routledge, 2011, 90amazon. com/gp/product/0307265560/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0307265560&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=f9a9c302f5b6ddd567059a2383502e0d The Second Sex]</refi> However, by a groundbreaking book that questioned how society viewed women and the early late 1950s and 1960srole in which they played. In her work, as more prolonged prosperity took holdBeauvoir writes, there was greater interest to explore new ideas and movements emerged“One is not born, including the civil rights movementbut rather becomes, that began to question establish social constructs such as segregation and inequality in the work placea woman. By ” This quote represent how society fosters the early 1960sidea of what a woman should do and act, the social atmosphere began to be conducive for a major feminist movementwhere gender roles are learned and forced upon women.<ref>Gilmore, StephanieVasilopoulou, edAngeliki."Woman by Choice:’ A Comment on Simone De Beauvoir’s Famous Phrase ‘One Is Not Born a Woman, but Becomes One'" <i>Feminist Coalitions: Historical Perspectives on Second-Wave Feminism in the United States, Women Journal of Research in American History.Gender Studies</i> Urbana: University of Illinois Press4, no. 2 (2014), 2008489-490.</ref>Where World War II showed that women could break out of their gender roles as was required; the book questioned then why should women's roles that saw them as secondary to men in the workplace and home be perpetuated when this was clearly not the case during the war.

== Ideology that Shaped the Movement == After World War IIa period of time, some writers began to question how women the movement gained greater traction through more authors in society were perceived and the role they played1960s. Betty Friedan was perhaps one of the most influential writers at this time. After conducting a survey of her classmates, particularly as the war had shown women made valuable contributions Friedan noticed that many of her classmates were unhappy in their marriages where their lives revolved around childcare and in many cases performed tasks equally housework. This prompted her to me. In 1949, Simone de Beauvoir published write <i>The Second SexFeminine Mystique</i>in 1963 where she questioned white, middle class ideals of family life and motherhood, a groundbreaking book that questioned how society viewed particularly as domestic life had stifled women and the role in which they playedtheir aspirations. In her workbook, Beauvoir writes, “One is not born, but rather becomesFriedan includes interviews with women who were unhappy in their home life, debunking the ideals of the 1950s that often showed a womanhappy family with men at work and women focused on housework.” This quote represent how society fosters The book fundamentally questioned if the 1950s ideals were in the idea best interest of what a woman should do and act, where gender roles are learned and forced upon women. <ref> VasilopoulouRyan, AngelikiBarbara. "Woman by Choice:’ A Comment on Simone De Beauvoir’s Famous Phrase ‘One Is Not Born a Woman, but Becomes One'" <i>Journal [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415905990/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415905990&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=34aceed5c84e53b28e7bf3a238700625 Feminism and the Women's Movement: Dynamics of Research Change in Gender StudiesSocial Movement Ideology, and Activism]</i> 4. New York: Routledge, no. 2 (2014)1992, 489-49042. </ref> Where World War II showed that women could break out of their gender roles as was required; the book questioned then why should women's roles that saw them as secondary to men in the workplace and home be perpetuated when this was clearly not the case during the war.

After a period of time, the movement gained greater traction through more authors The book and politics in the 1960sled to some initial victories for the emerging second wave women's movement. Betty This includes the establishment of the National Organization for Women, where Friedan wrote ''The Feminine Mystique'' in 1963 where so questioned whitejoined the organization, middle class femininity and the seclusion of the private sphere. In her bookfirst great legislative victory, Friedan includes interviews with women who were just unhappy at home when society told them that is which was the only place they belongedpassage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963. This book would begin made it law for women to have an equal right to break down equal pay for the private and public sphere barriers same jobs that most men did. It made it now possible for women subscribed tonow not be prevented from joining the labor force due to depressed wages. <ref> RyanHerman, Alexis M, Barbara. <i>Feminism and the Women's Movement[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0788189824/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0788189824&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=c95c84f3c729e211488024345b3d47c5 Equal Pay: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology, and ActivismA 35-Year Perspective].</i>. New York(Place of publication not identified: Routledge, 1992Diane Pub Co, 421998. </ref> In 1969Other changes, Katy Millett wrote ''Sexual Politics'' and wrote about including the introduction of the patriarchal structure, which informed sex contraceptive pill and gender oppressionintroduction of abortion in Europe began to have political ramifications. Millets argued that before any other type of oppression existedThe pill, elite men first oppressed people based on sex and gender and then it extended the one hand, allowed women to race delay childbirth and classestablish careers in many cases. Abortion also gave women greater choices about rearing children. <ref> LeGatesNorgren, MarleneChristiana A. E., <i>In Their Time[https: A History of Feminism in Western Society</i>/www. New York: Routledge, 2001, 361amazon. <com/gp/product/0691070059/ref> Carol Hanisch published an essay in 1970 titled “The Personal is Political.” Hanisch argued that everything was political. Whether a women decided to have an abortion and get a job as a woman in a male dominated industry, each =as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0691070059&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=bf43bcb707350c972852ae8f8c2c3e1a Abortion before Birth Control: The Politics of these decisions was ultimately a political. She determined that women needed to bring their ‘’private sphere problems’’ to the ‘’public sphere podium’’ Reproduction in order to be heardPostwar Japan]. <ref/i>Lee, Theresa Man Ling. "Rethinking the Personal and Studies of the Political: Feminist Activism and Civic EngagementEast Asian Institute." Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 22Princeton, noN. 4 (2007)J: 163-79. doi:10.2979/hyp.2007.22.4.163Princeton University Press, 2001. </ref>

== One Movement or Two? ==Second wave feminism essentially broke into two separate ideological movements: Equal rights feminism and radical feminism. These movements approached feminism from very different perspectives. Under equal-rights feminism women sought equality among men in political and social spheres through legislation and efforts to ‘’the glass ceiling’’ in the working world. <ref> LeGatesIn 1969, Marlene. Katy Millett wrote <i>In Their Time: A History of Feminism in Western SocietySexual Politics</i>. New York: Routledge, 2001, 347.</ref> The second approach, radical feminism advocated the destruction of and wrote about the patriarchal structure of society that oppressed womencontrols sex, sexual expression, and ultimately politics and the narrative of political discourse. Until this structure was destroyed, women’s Sex and gender oppression would continueare common because of political discourse found in society. As long women were Millets argued that before any other type of oppression existed, elite men first oppressedpeople based on sex and gender, it was would difficult extending later to eliminate any inequality because the oppression was the root of all other oppressionsrace and class. <ref>LeGates, Marlene. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415930987/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415930987&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=62b570a5374aa4b505b21eaac8d210d2 In Their Time: A History of Feminism in Western Society,]</i>. New York: Routledge, 2001, 357361. </ref>

Both ideologies eventually merged into ‘’Third Wave’’ of feminism. What separates In the two different movements is 1970s, the distinction between discrimination second wave feminist movement expanded and oppression. Radical feminists would choose continued to focus on demolishing the patriarchal oppressive structures that they saw as over-arching all other oppressionsgain momentum. Carol Hanisch published an essay in 1970 titled "The equal-rights feminists were largely whitePersonal is Political.” Hanisch argued that everything was political, including division of household labor, older in agegender roles, and most came from affluent backgroundsother day-to-day activities. Radical feminists were made up younger white affluent If a womendecided to have an abortion and get a job as a woman in a male dominated industry, then that decision has political consequences and minority women of all ages who were active became politicized in society. Women had to bring their private, household problems into the Civil Rights movement as wellpublic sphere because issues were politicized and had consequence far outside of an individual. <ref> LeGatesLee, MarleneTheresa Man Ling. "Rethinking the Personal and the Political: Feminist Activism and Civic Engagement. In Their Time" <i>Hypatia: A History Journal of Feminism in Western SocietyFeminist Philosophy</i> 22, no. 4 (2007): 163-79. New Yorkdoi: Routledge, 2001, 35210.2979/hyp.2007.22.4.163.</ref>

== Minorities == One Movement or Two? ==== Women of color, especially during Increasingly in the Civil Rights movement1960s and 1970s, were finding themselves underrepresented in both racial second wave feminism diverged into two separate ideological movements: Equal rights feminism and gender movements that were simultaneously fighting for their equalityradical feminism. BlackWithin equal-rights feminism, Latina/Chicana, Asianthe objective sought equality with men in political and social spheres, where legislation and laws such as legalization of abortion and Native American efforts to make women were all active in feminist agendas but wary of more established on the whiteness that seemed workforce equal to dominate the organizations that men were dedicated to the destruction of patriarchal structuresprimary goals. All over the United States<ref> LeGates, minority women began the fight of racial and gender oppression by creating their own organizationsMarlene. <i>[https://www.amazon. Some had already existed thanks to the serge com/gp/product/0415930987/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415930987&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=e53f80fa20839cdc10f02dea9ceef4a7 In Their Time: A History of participation Feminism in the workforce during the 1940s, like the National Council of Negro WomenWestern Society]</i>. Other organizations developed during the 1960s and 1970s included the Third World Women’s Alliance. The Third Women's World Alliance primary goal was to expose the relation between raceNew York: Routledge, sex2001, sexuality347.</ref> Radical feminism, genderon the other hand, wanted much more radical change to society that fundamentally saw it as patriarchal and class oppressions. This approach is now referred needed to be altered if women were to as intersectionalityescape it oppression.<ref>AguilarLeGates, MarianMarlene. "Third World Women's Alliance." <i>Encyclopedia of African[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415930987/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415930987&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-American Culture and 20&linkId=e53f80fa20839cdc10f02dea9ceef4a7 In Their Time: A Historyof Feminism in Western Society],</i>. Edited by Colin A. Palmer. 2nd ed. Vol. 5. DetroitNew York: Macmillan Reference USARoutledge, 20062001, 2191-2192. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2016357.</ref> There were age and racial differences within the wider feminist movements at the time. The views organizations of equal-rights feminists were largely white, older in age, and most came from affluent backgrounds. Radical feminists were made up younger white affluent women, and minority women eventually became the drivers of all ages who were active in the major themes Civil Rights movement as well. <ref> LeGates, Marlene. In Their Time: A History of the ‘’third wave’’ of feminism that exists todayFeminism in Western Society. Bell HooksNew York: Routledge, Angela Davis2001, Gloria Anzaldua, and Cherrie Morriega successfully imposed their view of feminism onto third wave feminism352.</ref>

== Conclusion == Minorities ==== The ‘’second wave’’ was an extremely important time for women who no longer wanted to subscribe to Women of color found themselves underrepresented in both the traditional public racial and private spheres of societygender movements that were simultaneously fighting for greater equality. They no longer accepted the housewife role as mandatoryWhile Black, Latina/Chicana, they fought for the right to do what they wanted with their bodiesAsian, they fought to end sexual and gender oppressionNative American women were active in feminist agendas at the time, there were tensions within the broader feminists movements because a large percentage of the leaders were white and the agenda had some began to fight against racism within stark racial contrasts. Some non-white feminists criticized the wider feminist movement itself. The contribution for failing to feminist theory be equal in the movement's representation and ideology is enormous, incorporating racial and the concept of intersectionality is now one of the most important key terms when learning about feminism todayother issues. Ultimately<ref>West, the ‘’ second wave’’ gave women the opportunity to start conversations about how to fight against inequality and begin to think about genderLois A., identityed., sexuality, race, and class as all equally important factors<i> [https://www.amazon. The ‘’third wave’’ is now informed by and constantly rethinking and dismantling some of the ‘’second wave rhetoriccom/gp/product/0415916186/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415916186&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=bcbac0f9737db4403babf8c44b46d2c7 Feminist Nationalism]</i> (New York: Routledge, but is undeniably grateful to the fight the ‘’second wave’’ continued1997.</ref>

Across the United States, minority women began the fight against racial and gender oppression by creating their own organizations. Some had already existed due to greater women participation in the workforce during the 1940s, such as the National Council of Negro Women. Other organizations developed during the 1960s and 1970s, including the Third World Women’s Alliance. The Third Women's World Alliance worked to expose the relation between race, sex, sexuality, gender, and class oppression. <ref>Aguilar, Marian. "Third World Women's Alliance." <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0231138113/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0231138113&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a77dfd3c3570e2d6b8f931caf2af94bc Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History]</i>. Edited by Colin A. Palmer. 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, 2191-2192. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2016.</ref> Such views by minority women proved to be influential in the ‘’third wave’’ of feminism that emerged later in the 1970s and into today, as broader racial and social inequality issues are now incorporated by feminist movements. ==== Conclusion ==== The ‘’second wave’’ feminist movement proved to be a major social transition for Western countries and the United States from the 1960s and later. Major social change, such as women's participation in the labor force, and increased prosperity forced a major social awareness movement that questioned the roles of gender in society. Major works of literature began to question perceived traditional gender roles and exposed social problems created by such roles on women. Two movements emerged within the broader second wave feminist movement, which were the more mainstream and radical elements of feminism. While one worked to change society from within, using legislation and social pressure, the other, radical movement questions fundamentally if society's hierarchical and patriarchal nature were the main problem. Both these movements made major contributions, however, through their influence on society in general, where today many things we take for granted, such as women in the workforce, only became increasingly acceptable after the 1960s.  Today, a woman delaying raising a family is not often questioned by society for such a choice, but this was not the norm in the pre-1960s US and parts of Europe. Later, the merger of racial and other social inequality was seen as part of wider social struggles in society. Ultimately, the second wave feminist movement gave women the opportunity to start conversations about how their social inequality and begin to think about gender, identity, sexuality, race, and class as all equally important factors. The so-called third wave, more greatly focused on gay/lesbian and racial issues, in fact can be argued to be informed by the second wave rhetoric that had emerged late in the 1970s as race and broader social inequality issues emerged. ====Suggested Readings====* Palmer, Colin. editor, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0231138113/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0231138113&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a77dfd3c3570e2d6b8f931caf2af94bc Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History]</i>. 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006* Ruíz, Vicki. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0826309887/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0826309887&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=7979bf4a8ff003689e7f9d58a2862cd2 Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry, 1930-1950]</i>. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987)* Gilmore, Stephanie, ed., <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0252075390/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0252075390&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=53a802ecde3a40d4fda23475f8d008a1 Feminist Coalitions: Historical Perspectives on Second-Wave Feminism in the United States, Women in American History].</i> Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008* <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415916186/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415916186&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=bcbac0f9737db4403babf8c44b46d2c7 Feminist Nationalism]</i> (New York: Routledge, 1997)* LeGates, Marlene. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415930987/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415930987&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=e53f80fa20839cdc10f02dea9ceef4a7 In Their Time: A History of Feminism in Western Society],</i>. New York: Routledge, 2001* Herman, Alexis M, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0788189824/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0788189824&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=c95c84f3c729e211488024345b3d47c5 Equal Pay: A 35-Year Perspective].</i> (Place of publication not identified: Diane Pub Co, 1998* Milkman, Ruth, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0252081773/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0252081773&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=69155be1a38d6dea3b598cf2d3940b8f On Gender, Labor, and Inequality, Working Class in American History]</i>. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2016* Laughlin, Kathleen A., and Jacqueline L. Castledine. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415874009/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415874009&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=6b8857f4b500c32da5bf87aac9369b9c Breaking the Wave: Women, Their Organizations, and Feminism, 1945-1985]</i>. New York: Routledge, 2011 <div class="portal" style="width:85%;"> ====Related DailyHistory.org Articles====*[[What is the significance of the 1968 East L.A. Walkouts?]]*[[Why Did Helen Keller Become a Socialist?]]*[[The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter: Interview with Bonnie S. Anderson]]*[[Why was France defeated in 1940?]]*[[Why did Germany lose the Battle of Stalingrad?]]</div> ====References====