432
edits
Changes
m
Paths used by travelers likely Roads developed similar in response to physical or geographic obstacles that made movement slow or difficult if one did not use a given roadtowns and cities. However, with the innovation of agriculture spreadAs private areas became established, roads in the countryside began were utilized as a means to be placed access or avoid private regions in lands between fieldscities all together. In other wordsAt first, roads soon were created to control traffic between settlements and to access regions around settlements. Roads became ways in which people could be controlled so that their movements would not disrupt agricultural activity or even private propertypaved, but by the 4th millennium BCE, as paving was already developing in the concept Indus region using baked bricks. Concepts of property itself began to create lane use likely developed as wheeled and human traffic took shape by the idea that roads 4th millennium BCE if not earlier. Donkeys and onager were likely the most common space that helped avoid and access private areas. With agricultural cycles form of animal in the Neolithic becoming more common and fixed on the landscape, roads became more fixed features since they proved early urban streets to be expected ways that one can move without disrupting agricultural activitiesused as transport. Regions that developed pastoral-based economiesThe horse, domesticated in Central Asia, likely did not become prominent on urban streets until the other had2nd millennium BCE.<ref>For more on early transport, may have not developed fixed roadssee: Sherman, as movement did not need D. M. (2002). Tending animals in the global village: a guide to be regulated or confined to specific spacesinternational veterinary medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. </ref>
Roads Because roads developed as common space for access that also regulated flow through a city, gateways became important areas that developed similar to control traffic coming in towns and citiesout of a city. As private areas became established, the roads were utilized as a means to access or avoid private regions cities grew in cities all together. At first, roads were not paved, but by wealth and importance throughout the 4th 3rd millennium BCE, paving was already developing in the Near East and Indus region , both these regions likely developed city walls that could only be breached using baked bricksofficial roads via gateways. Concepts of lane This helped cities also use likely developed these control points as wheeled a way to tax trade or regulate what was coming in and human traffic took shape by the 4th millennium BCE if not earlierout of cities. Donkeys and onager were likely the most common form <ref>For more on taxing of animal in early urban streets to be used as road transport. The horseand movement, domesticated in Central Asiasee: Nail, likely did not become prominent on urban streets until T. (2016). Theory of the 2nd millennium BCEborder. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, pg. 86.</ref>
Because ==Royal Roads==The next major change to roads was the development of the "royal roads " or official government roads that connected very distant towns. This idea developed in the Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian period, from the late 2nd millennium BCE and early 1st millennium BCE. These roads were roads the government had authority over and to utilize them one had to have official permission, unlike normal roads that were considered as common space .<ref>For evidence of such royal roads, see: Altaweel, Mark; 2003. "The roads of Ashur and Nineveh," Akkadica 124: 205-212.</ref> The idea of these roads was for developing rapid transport to connect distant places of an empire or large state for access that also regulated flow through a citymilitary purposes. Unlike many early roads connecting towns, these long-distance royal roads developed to be more linear or straight, gateways as speed was the primary goal of these roads. Such roads became particularly important areas that as horses developed to control traffic coming in and out as the primary transport option for military purposes as well as messengers. Royal roads also helped develop the concept of highways, where a type of road would bypass local roads and help those moving on these roads to more quickly move without going through each cityor town along the way. As Major nodes or towns, rather than small cities grew in wealth and importance throughout or towns, became the 3rd millennium BCE focus in the Near East royal roads. Inns and Indus, both these regions likely rest places developed city walls that could only be breached using officials as such long-distance roads via gatewaysbecame important features for large empires. This helped cities also use these control points as a way In effect, unlike earlier roads, the growing state needed to tax trade or regulate what create systems of communication that was coming rapid. Royal roads became the chief vehicle for this along with horses.<ref>For more on the infrastructure in and out relation to royal roads, see: Briant, P. (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: a history of citiesthe Persian Empire. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pg. 364.</ref>
==Royal Roads==Although royal roads proved to be useful for military purposes, as armies after the Assyrians began to adopt such roads, it also led to the development of long-distance trade along secure roadways. In part, long-distance roads helped to spawn the developing Silk Road connecting trade between China and Europe (Figure 1). The long-term legacy of royal roads that allowed armies to move quickly were later adopted by various armies.<ref>For more on how long-distance roads benefited trade, see: Bakhtia, L. M., & Bariand, P. (2011). Afghanistan’s blue treasure lapis lazuli.</ref> The modern highway system created in the United States and other countries reflect the concept of rapid movement along large distances by the military, showing that the concepts born in the Iron Age continued to be adopted even by more modern transport. In effect, highways were always seen as initially being for the military above all, but benefits of rapid movement also led to trade thriving along routes, similar to highways today.
The next major change to roads was the development of the "royal roads" or official government roads that connected very distant towns. This idea developed in the Middle Assyrian and Neo<dh-Assyrian period, from the late 2nd millennium BCE and early 1st millennium BCE. These roads were roads the government had authority over and to utilize them one had to have official permission, unlike normal roads that were considered as common space. The idea of these roads was for developing rapid transport to connect distant places of an empire or large state. Unlike many early roads connecting towns, these long-distance royal roads developed to be more linear or straight, as speed was the primary goal of these roads. Such roads became particularly important as horses developed as the primary transport option for military purposes as well as messengers. Royal roads also helped develop the concept of highways, where a type of road would bypass local roads and help those moving on these roads to more quickly move without going through each city or town along the way. Major nodes or towns, rather than small cities or towns, became the focus in royal roads. Inns and rest places developed as such long-distance roads became important features for large empires. In effect, unlike earlier roads, the growing state needed to create systems of communication that was rapid. Royal roads became the chief vehicle for this along with horses.ad/>
Although ==Improvements in Paved Roads==[[File:Ancient Roman road of Tall Aqibrin.jpeg|thumbnail|Figure 2. Roman road still well preserved today.]]While highways and royal roads proved to be useful for military purposesdeveloped by the late 2nd and early 1st millennium BCE, as armies after the Assyrian began to adopt such roadswere not paved and often were little more than dirt pathways serviced by rest stations, it also led stables, and inns. Such roads became difficult to travel in wet conditions, making them less than ideal during various parts of the development of long-distance trade along secure roadwaysyear. In partthe Roman Period, road engineering reached a new level. Now, long-distance roads were built with deeper foundations and underlain with crushed gravel. This helped to spawn drain roads as water could go through rather than be trapped in the developing Silk Road connecting trade between China clay (Figure 2). Additionally, paved roads were developed on the most important highways.<ref>For more on Roman engineered roads, see: Nardo, D. (2015). Roman roads and Europeaqueducts. San Diego, CA: ReferencePoint Press.</ref> This included using large capstones for pavement. The long-term legacy of royal Such pavement gave roads that allowed armies to additional speed since wheeled carts and chariots could move more quickly in pavement than on dirt roads. Sometimes these roads were later adopted by various armies. The modern highway system created in construct with multiple layers underneath the United States pavement to assist with drainage and other countries reflect strengthening the concept road. Some of rapid movement along large distances by the militaryRoman roads are still used or are visible today. Road technology in Europe, showing that the concepts born in the Iron Age continued fact, did not improve to be adopted even by more modern transport. In effect, highways were always seen as initially being for any great extent from Roman designs until about the military above all, but benefits of rapid movement also led to trade thriving along their routes, similar to highways today18th century CE.
==Paved Long-Distance Roads==In the Islamic world, innovations were developed in the types of pavement used. Baghdad developed the use of tar that derived from pitch or bitumen.<ref>For more on Islamic roads, see: Bobrick, B. (2012). The caliph’s splendor: Islam and the West in the golden age of Baghdad (1st Simon & Schuster hardcover ed). New York: Simon & Schuster.</ref> In fact, this was already present in ancient Babylonian cities in ancient periods. The use of bitumen as a type of tar was a forerunner of tar and asphalt roads that are today widely used. Bitumen was relatively easily available and its waterproofing qualities meant that streets could become relatively dry quickly and remain mud free.
While highways and royal By the 18th century, road technologies once again began to improve as engineering was more greatly utilized. Concepts of drainage now led to roads being created that were developed by so that water can run to the late 2nd sides and early 1st millennium BCE, such be drained in areas away from the main central road to keep roads dry. Specific stones now were not paved and often were little more than pathways serviced by rest stations, stablesutilized for their qualities, such as thickness and innsdurability. Such Road maintainers were employed to keep sections of roads became difficult to travel in wet conditions, making them less than ideal in well maintained throughout the wet seasonyear. In By the Roman Periodearly 19th century, road engineering reached paving using a combination of dirt and stone proved to be useful for road durability, leading it to be a new levelcommon combination. Now<ref>For more on how early industrialization improved roads, roads were built with deeper foundations and underlain with crushed gravelsee: Guildi, E.J. 2001. This helped The Road to drain Rule: The Expansion of the British Road Network, 1726--1848. Proquest.</ref> Such types of roads as water could go through rather than be trapped remained common when in 1901 tarmac was, for the clay. Additionallyfirst time, paved utilized to pave roads were developed on . The idea was similar to what was used in the most important highwaysMedieval Islamic period; however, tar was mixed with aggregate material to create a more mixed product than pure tar from bitumen. This included using large capstones. Pavement gave mixture became the type of surface we today see in most roads additional speed since wheeled carts and chariots could move has developed as the chief road surface.<ref>For more quickly in pavement than in dirt on the development of tarmac and asphalt for roads, see: Ralston, A. Sometimes these roads were construct with multiple layers so that water could be drained (2005). Between a rock and pavement would provide for additional speeda hard place. Some of these roads are still used or are visible todayLondon: Pocket.</ref>
insert middle ad
__NOTOC__
{{Mediawiki:Kindleoasis}}
[[File:Summer Vacation 2007, 263, Watchtower In The Morning Light, Dunhuang, Gansu Province.jpeg|300px|left|thumbnail|Figure 1. Watch tower built during the Han Dynasty along a route used for the Silk Road.]]
Roads have been important transport systems for many cultures. While we take their place and presence for granted, as something universal in landscapes today, the reality is several factors often develop before these features become common. Furthermore, roads often reflect levels of authority that begins to reflect how power is distributed in society and where it ultimately is found.
==Early Development of Roads==
Paths used by travelers likely developed in response to physical or geographic obstacles that made movement slow or difficult if one did not use a given road. However, with the innovation and spread of agriculture, roads in the countryside began to be placed in lands between fields. In other words, roads soon were created to control traffic between settlements and to access regions around settlements. Roads became ways in which people could be controlled so that their movements would not disrupt agricultural activity or even private property, as the concept of property itself began to create the idea that roads were common space that helped avoid and access private spaces. With agricultural cycles in the Neolithic becoming more common and fixed on the landscape, roads became more fixed features since they proved to be expected ways that one can move without disrupting agricultural activities. Regions that developed pastoral-based economies, on the other had, may have not developed fixed roads, as movement did not need to be regulated or confined to specific spaces. <ref> For more on how or why roads first developed, see: Alcock, S. E., Bodel, J. P., & Talbert, R. J. A. (Eds.). (2012). Highways, byways, and road systems in the pre-modern world. Chichester, West Sussex ; New York: Wiley-Blackwell.</ref>
==Conclusion==
Roads developed due to social needs to communicate and connect with people. However, roads also developed to keep people away from land used for agriculture while also regulating where people can go. Road technologies and design improved in antiquity, as rapid movement involving soldiers and the army became an advantage to growing empires. Technologies for roads did not improve significantly in many places after the fall of the Roman Empire. It took 18th century industrialization to prompt new types of roads to be built that improved drainage and road surface. By the early 20th century, the use of tar mixed with aggregate led to the development of tarmac and asphalt used for modern roads today.
<div class="portal" style="width:85%;">
==Related DailyHistory.org Articles==
*[[How did the Silk Road develop?]]
*[[What Caused the Rise of Agriculture?]]
*[[When was Insurance First Used?]]
*[[How did Early Empires facilitate the Rise of Investment Banking?]]
</div>
{{Mediawiki:Ancient Greece}}
==References==
<references/>
