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__NOTOC__ <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Alexander the Great Top Ten Booklist]]====Creating a top ten list for books on Alexander the Great is not easy, since few ancient historical figures have been written about as much. Everything from his complex personality and his sexual life to his military and logistical tactics have been analyzed by historians. Alexander, simply put, stands out as unique among ancient historical figures for having so much detailed assessment made on his life and times.{{MediawikiRead more|Alexander the Great Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:kindleoasisA_Midwife's_Tale.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px]] ====[[Gender in Early America Top Ten Booklist]]====Most of us are familiar with a narrative of colonial America that focuses on the actions of our "Founding Fathers." But what of our "Founding Mothers"? This booklist compiles ten works that explore gender in colonial North America and provide an important lens through which we can view some of the formative events in our shared history. {{Read more|Gender in Early America Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Florence_CathedralLighthouse.jpg|150px|thumbnail|left|300px]]====[[Why did How Was the Italian Renaissance EndLighthouse of Alexandria Destroyed?]]====The Italian Renaissance was one Of all the Seven Wonders of the most exciting periods Ancient World, only the Great Pyramids of Giza in human civilisationEgypt still remain. War, neglect, and natural disasters have wiped them from the face of the earth with only descriptions left by ancient historians and geographers, or perhaps an occasional coin or painting, as tokens of their greatness. {{Read more|How Was the Lighthouse of Alexandria Destroyed?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:William_Ellis.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px]]====[[Best Gifts for History Lovers]]====It witnessed can sometimes be difficult to find the right gift for your history loving friend or spouse. Hopefully, we can help. This is our 2017 list of great gifts for history lovers. If in doubt, get a great flourishing book. History lovers adore books. Some our recommendations are less academic then some of the artsbooks that appear on our other booklists, literature, philosophy, architecture and politicsbut they do represent outstanding recent books that most history lovers should enjoy. {{Read more|Best Gifts for History Lovers}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Spartacus - 1960 - poster. Many png|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How accurate is Stanley Kubrick's 'Spartacus'?]]====The historical epic Spartacus (1960) is one of the greatest figures best-known movies in World Civilisation appeared during cinema history. It caused a sensation on its release and was one of the most successful pictures of the Renaissance in Italy, including Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Machiavelli 1960s. The movie was not only a commercial success it was a critical success and Raphaelit received several Academy Awards. Spartacus was directed by the cinematic genius Stanley Kubrick.{{Read more|Why did the Italian Renaissance EndHow accurate is Stanley Kubrick's 'Spartacus'?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Gregory-American-Surveillance-cLast_Kingdom_2.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[American Surveillance: Interview with Anthony GregoryHow Historically Accurate is Season 2 of Last Kingdom?]]====Season 2 is divided into two novels from the Saxon Tales series written by Bernard Cornwell, namely books 3 and 4 (Season 1 was books 1-2). The novels span roughly between 878-886 (Figure 1). The United States has been conducting surveillance main focus for Season 2 in the first four episodes is Uhtred's quest to go north from Wessex into Northumbria, a less tamed area of its citizens since it was created, England that is ruled more by Danes but the ability of any government to spy on its citizens has dramatically improved their hold is somewhat less clear. Uhtred seeks his ancestral home in the digital age. How should United States balance national security Bebbanburg (Bamburgh Castle) and personal privacy? Does the Constitution provide adequate protection also wants revenge against unrestricted government surveillance? What can advocates do to strengthen personal privacy rights? These concerns will only intensify in the years to comeKjartan, who killed is adopted Danish father.{{Read more|American Surveillance: Interview with Anthony GregoryHow Historically Accurate is Season 2 of Last Kingdom?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:1896 Olympic marathonConfederate_monument_Elmira_NY.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|thumb|300px]]====[[How did Why are there so many Monuments to the Confederacy across the marathon emergeUnited States?]]====The marathon As one travels across the southern United States, it is seen today as grueling long-distancenot unusual to find monuments and memorials to the Confederate dead in many small towns. In fact, these sculptural pieces, usually over 26 mile race. The battle often composed of Marathon, fought between the Greek and Persian armies, same statues and plinths from the resulting run by a Greek warrior to tell the victory is usually cited as the origin Monumental Bronze Co. of this sportBridgeport, Conn. While there is truth in this story, the history of the marathon is complex can be found as far north as Pennsylvania and its presence New York. A study in many major world cities shows it 2016 found some 1,500 monuments still stands as one standing. While in recent years these monuments have become a new source of the great events that tests human will and skillpolitical conversation their very erection was a movement by Confederate women.{{Read more|How did Why are there so many Monuments to the Confederacy across the marathon emergeUnited States?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Gettysburg16307509620 d1ab80ba6b.jpegjpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Civil War Battles Top Ten BooklistWhat was lynching?]]====A DailyHistory.org top ten booklist focusing on best book on Lynching is often described as a form of extralegal, vigilante violence or justice; however, its meaning has evolved over time—from the battles tarring and feathering of individuals in the American Civil War. The books on this list explore Colonial period to the battles of Antietamlethal, Gettysburgracial violence that proliferated in the South. According to Digital History, Chancellorsville"Lynching received its name from Judge Charles Lynch, a Virginia farmer who punished outlaws and many othersTories with "rough" justice during the American Revolution. " The list includes United States has a long history of vigilance committees whose purposes were to protect the works of several community. According to Linda Gordon, “vigilantism generally means bypassing the legal procedures of the most prominent historians on this topic including James McPherson, Gordon Rheastate and substituting direct, Stephen Sears usually punitive and Craig Symonds. Take a look at our listcoercive action by self-appointed groups of citizens".{{Read more|Civil War Battles Top Ten BooklistWhat was lynching?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:662px-Official_Francisco_FrancoTomb_of_Nakht.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|thumb|200px]]====[[What were Was the Root Causes Importance of the Spanish Civil WarAlcohol Consumption in Ancient Egypt?]]====Spain was There is a very divided, unstable and weak country common misconception today that life in the 19th century. Once ancient Egypt was a great power, Spain lost almost the last of its colonies after it defeat dreary one for anyone not in the Spanish-American warnobility.[1] It was technically a monarchy, but power had frequently been This image is probably at least partially derived from pop culture where scenes are common in movies that depict Egyptian peasants being worked to the hands of military dictatorsdeath to make tombs and temples for their gods and kings. The country reality is that although the ancient Egyptian social system was bitterly divided. The acute poverty quite different from that of the Spanish people meant that many were drawn to Communismmodern world, Anarchism and Socialismthey had few of today’s modern conveniences, Egyptians from all social classes enjoyed a leisure culture that was not much different than today’s.{{Read more|What were Was the Root Causes Importance of the Spanish Civil WarAlcohol Consumption in Ancient Egypt?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:PrivateeringL'aquarium; vue intérieure.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Privateering during the War of 1812: Interview with Faye M. KertHow Did Public Aquariums Develop?]]====During the War 1812, US and Canadian privateers fought Large public aquariums have become fixtures in most of the naval battles between the United States and Great Britainmajor urban regions. These privateers were comprised of captains who were motivated by In some places, they have become among the promise of profit to fight leading attractions for their countries. There was a strong legal framework in both the United States city tourism, where many aquariums have also expanded into conservation efforts and Great Britain that normalized piracyapplied research along with being tourist destinations. Canadian and American ship owners and investors took advantage The history of it and funded privateering outfits during such aquariums is not completely modern, although the war. Needless to say, privateers were incredibly risky investmentsform in which we know aquariums today is mostly a recent development.{{Read more|Privateering during the War of 1812: Interview with Faye M. KertHow Did Public Aquariums Develop?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:CayleffKarl XII i Ystad 1715, målning av Johan Heinrich Wedekindt från 1719.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. CayleffWhy did Charles XII of Sweden fail to conquer Russia in 1708?]]====At the very end The failed invasion of the 19th Century, a new system called naturopathy was created Russia by Benedict Hitler and Louisa Stroebel LustNapoleon are well known. Unlike many Less well-known is invasion of Russia by the 19th Century medical systems createdSwedes under their most famous king, naturopathy has persevered Charles XII. Sweden in 1700 was the greatest Northern European power and this provoked the jealousy of its neighbors. This led to the Great Northern War. The culmination of this day. Naturopathic healing war was founded and based on number the Swedish monarch’s invasion of influences including botanics, hydrotherapy, eclecticism, temperance Russia and vegetarianismhis subsequent defeat by Tsar Peter the Great at Poltava (1709). {{Read more|Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. CayleffWhy did Charles XII of Sweden fail to conquer Russia in 1708?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Congress_of_Vienna_1815The_Native_Ground.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|250px]]====[[Why did the Congress How have Historians' perceptions of Vienna fail to stop future European warsNative Americans changed?]]====The Congress of Vienna was In 1997, Kerwin Lee Klein, among others, observed that a gathering wholesale change had occurred in how historians portrayed Native American history. Previously, historians and ethnographers had focused on “the tragedy of representatives of European kingdoms the vanishing Indian.”[1] Many Americans, even those sympathetic to Native Americans, argued that Indians ultimately faced extinction. Even though this argument was presided over undermined by the Austrian Chancellor Klemens Von Metternich. The Congress was held in Vienna from 1814 continued survival of Native Americans, scholars were slow to 1815reject it. The goals Native American rights movement of the Congress were to secure peace 1960s and stability in Europe and to ensure that revolutions did not destabilize 1970s emphasized the Continentpersistence of Native Americans. {{Read more|Why did the Congress How have Historians' perceptions of Vienna fail to stop future European warsNative Americans changed?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:652px-First_Oil_WellAbraham_Lincoln_Brigade.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]] ====[[How did Edwin Drake create The Abraham Lincoln Brigade: the World's first oil well?Historiography of the American soldiers in the Spanish American War]]====Even though there was no one "first discover" of oil. Oil was known in antiquity when it was used to heal wounds. But by During the middle of Spanish Civil War, approximately 2,800 American men and women answered the 19th century methods for collecting oil call from the ground had not changed for thousands of yearsCommunist party to defend the Spanish republic from fascist aggression. Edwin Drake's oil fundamentally changed this process These men and women served in the Fifteenth International Brigade and dramatically increased oil production around formed the worldAbraham Lincoln, Washington and MacKenzie-Papineau Battalions. These soldiers’ stories have been controversial, because 80 percent of these volunteers were Communists. {{Read more|How did Edwin Drake create The Abraham Lincoln Brigade: the Historiography of the American soldiers in the World's first oil well?Spanish American War}}

[[File:VDC_book_coverAmerican_Girls_in_Red_Russia.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]]====[[Fate of the RevolutionAmerican Girls in Red Russia: Interview with Lorri GloverJulia Mickenberg]]====Starting Julia L. Mickenberg's new book American Girls in 1787, states began to ratify Russia: Chasing the newly drafted federal Constitution which would determine Soviet Dream published by the fate University of Chicago Press explores the history of the new American Republic. In order women who went to Russia looking for the Constitution to go in effectadventure, freedom, revolution, nine of the states needed work and new life. After they moved to agree to the documentRussia they found challenges and hardships. While five states quickly ratified Many were disturbed by both the Constitution between December 1787 and January 1788, conditions of the country's eyes stayed on Virginia. Virginia was the most populated and largest state and it was critical for the state to ratify treatment of people by the Constitution to legitimize the processnew government. {{Read more|Fate of the RevolutionAmerican Girls in Red Russia: Interview with Lorri GloverJulia Mickenberg}}

[[File:Px-Epikouros BM 1843GermanHyperChart.jpg|150px|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[Why was Epicurus and his philosophy so importantWhat Were the Causes of Germany's Hyperinflation of 1921-1923?]]====Epicurus is often associated as Among the defining features of early twentieth century Europe and one of the Greek philosophers more interested in pleasure or its pursuit than other ideals. While at times this led contributing factors to a negative view of his philosophyWorld War II, was the economic maelstrom known as “hyperinflation” that ravaged Germany from 1921 until 1923. Although the reality short period is his thinking was very advanced and developed, leading to his ideas becoming highly influential in modern thought often overlooked in many regions popular histories of the world today. He was one of period, there is no denying the first Greek philosophers to develop a strong tradition impacts that avoid superstition as a core idealthe process had on Germany, Europe, and the world.{{Read more|Why was Epicurus and his philosophy so importantWhat Were the Causes of Germany's Hyperinflation of 1921-1923?}}

[[File:Almost_a_Miracle32936173946 bc0836c5c5 o.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[American Revolution Top Ten BooklistWhen did abortion become legal in the United States?]]====On July 4In colonial America, 1776, the Declaration of Independence abortion was signed by the Continental Congressdealt with in a manner according to English common law. This act Abortion was typically only frowned upon, or penalized, when it occurred after “quickening,”—when a woman felt fetal movement—because it suggested that the first step towards the creation of the United States. The United States then fought a seven year war to cement fetus had manifested into its independence from England. The successful fight for independence has had a remarkable impact on world history over the past 200 yearsown separate being. The United States gradually transformed itself Quickening could vary from a former colony into a superpower. The impact of this revolution cannot be ignoredwomen to woman, and sometimes as late as four months. {{Read more|American Revolution Top Ten BooklistWhen did abortion become legal in the United States?}}

[[File:Plato Academy MAN Napoli Inv124545Ancient_ziggurat.jpg|150px|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What was Plato's academy and why did it influence Western thoughtWas the Importance of Ziggurats in Ancient Mesopotamia?]]====The Academy, founded by the philosopher Plato in the early 4th century BCE, was perhaps one of the earliest institutions people of higher learning. While it was not like ancient Mesopotamia practiced a university where people would enroll religion that modern scholars are only just now beginning to understand and obtain advanced degrees, it functioned as one the physical focal point of their religion were the first places for dedicated research into scientific and philosophical questionsmonumental, at least in Europe, took place by gathered scholars. Its main function was to teach Plato's philosophical understanding, but it also challenged its scholars to develop a new understanding of our universetriangular structures known as ziggurats. {{Read more|What was Plato's academy and why did it influence Western thoughtWas the Importance of Ziggurats in Ancient Mesopotamia?}}

[[File:The_Alien_and_Sedition_Acts_of_1789Immigrants_Ellis.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Interview with Terri HalperinWorking Toward Whiteness by David Roediger]]====David Roediger’s book <i>Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White: The Alien and Sedition Acts Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs</i> continues his provocative exploration of 1798 were four laws that were passed whiteness studies by the predominantly Federalist Congress examining how southern and signed by John Adams to strengthen eastern European immigrants became white during the national security first half of the United Statestwentieth century. These acts not only restricted the ability of an immigrant to become a citizenRoediger argues that “the long, but made it easier to deport non-citizens who were either deemed dangerous or were citizens of hostile countriescircuitous process by which ‘new immigrants’ became ‘white ethnics’” matters. {{Read more|The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Interview with Terri HalperinWorking Toward Whiteness by David Roediger}}

[[File:Danse_macabre_by_Michael_WolgemutMarco Polo traveling.pngjpeg|left|thumbnail|left|250px200px]] ====[[How did What Is the Bubonic Plague make the Italian Renaissance possibleHistory of Ice Cream?]]====The Black Death (1347-1350) was Ice cream has been a pandemic popular treat that devastated many see today as having developed relatively recently, as ice cream usually requires a form of refrigeration. While the populations modern form of Europe and Asia. The plague was an unprecedented human tragedy in Italyice cream is relatively more recent, the idea of ice cream has been present for millennia. It not only shook Italian societyIce treats, but transformed it. The Black Death marked an end of an era in Italywhich eventually gave us ice cream, its impact was profound and it resulted were refreshing snacks usually reserved for elites or those who can obtain ice in wide-ranging social, economic, cultural and religious changestimes of warm or hot weather.{{Read more|How did What Is the Bubonic Plague make the Italian Renaissance possibleHistory of Ice Cream?}}

[[File:Stalingrad threeTod des Spartacus by Hermann Vogel.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px200px]]====[[Why did Germany lose What was the Battle impact of StalingradSpartacus' uprising on Rome?]]====Hitler saw the war in terms of his personal rivalry with Stalin Spartacus was a Thracian and he decided to attack had once fought with the city, because of its symbolic valueRomans. HoweverAccording to Plutarch, the original aim of the offensive in Southern Russian he was enslaved by them after he had deserted. Due to secure the oil fields in the Caucasus. The oil his strength and military skills he was essential for the German war machinetrained as a gladiator. Hitler knew this – instead of opting for concentrating all In 73BC, he plotted to escape from his forces on gladiatorial school, near Capua in southern Italy and was joined in the conquest of the oil fields, he made perhaps a fateful mistakeconspiracy by up to 100 other gladiators.{{Read more|Why did Germany lose What was the Battle impact of StalingradSpartacus' uprising on Rome?}}

[[File:Samuel_Hahnemann_1841Hoecke_Croesus_showing_his_treasures.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What was How Did Croesus Become the dominant medical sect Wealthiest Man in the United States during the 19th CenturyAncient World?]]====NineteenthAccording the fifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus, who has often been called the “father of history,” the Lydian King Croesus (ruled ca. 560-century medicine 540s BC) was characterized by constant competition among three major medical sects: Regularsthe world’s wealthiest king who ruled the world’s wealthiest kingdom. When Salon, Eclecticsthe legendary Athenian law giver, and Homeopaths.[1] Each of these medical sects not only meaningfully disagreed on how came to treat illnesses and diseasesLydia see the king’s wealth personally, but sought Croesus immediately had his servants “take him on a tour of the royal treasuries” in order to portray their type of practice as “point out the most effective richness and scientificmagnificence of everything.”{{Read more|What was How Did Croesus Become the dominant medical sect Wealthiest Man in the United States during the 19th CenturyAncient World?}}

[[File:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800Oseberg_ship_-_IMG_9129.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]

====[[Thomas Jefferson, What if the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam HaselbyVikings Never Invaded England?]]====Recently on TwitterThe Viking, a debate broke out between Annette Gordon-Reedor more accurately Danish and Norsemen, Sam Haselby, and John Fea on invasions of England in the 9th century CE (865) helped lead to what ultimately would become the nature united country of Thomas Jefferson's religious beliefsEngland. Instead of recreating the debateBefore 865, it made England was divided into four or sometimes more sense to contact one of the participantscountries, Sam Haselby, whose recent book ''The Origins of American Religious Nationalism'' populated by Angles and Saxons (published by Oxford University Pressor Anglo-Saxons) examines how a conflict with Protestantism, in the decades following US independence transformed American national identity.{{Read more|Thomas Jefferson, What if the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam HaselbyVikings Never Invaded England?}}

[[File:Engineeringvictory1906roome_td_yale.jpgpng|thumbnail|left|200px250px]]====[[Engineering Victory during the Civil War: Interview with Thomas F. Army, Jr.Did Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?]]====Logistics win warsIn 1905, American football faced an crisis. Logistics is Far to many young men were being killed while playing football and no one was taking any serious actions to reduce the coordination of complex operations such as moving, housing and supplying troops and their equipmentrisks. War is The headline at the ultimate test top of any logistician. Thomas F. Armythe right hand column in ''The Chicago Sunday Tribune'' on November 26, 1905 screamed, Jr. argues in his new book <i>Engineering Victory: How Technology Won the Civil War</i> published by Johns Hopkins University Press that the Union"Football Year's engineering prowess during Civil War gave it an distinct advantage over the ConfederacyDeath Harvest - Record Shows That Nineteen Players Have Been Killed; One Hundred Thirty-seven Hurt - Two Are Slain Saturday."{{Read more|Engineering Victory during the Civil War: Interview with Thomas F. Army, Jr.Did Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?}}

[[File:Shantytown_USAPrivateering.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]]====[[Privateering during the War of 1812: Interview with Faye M. Kert]]====During the War 1812, US and Canadian privateers fought most of the naval battles between the United States and Great Britain. These privateers were comprised of captains who were motivated by the promise of profit to fight for their countries. There was a strong legal framework in both the United States and Great Britain that normalized piracy. Canadian and American ship owners and investors took advantage of it and funded privateering outfits during the war. Needless to say, privateers were incredibly risky investments.{{Read more|Privateering during the War of 1812: Interview with Faye M. Kert}}</div>

<div class="portal">[[File:Cayleff.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px]]====[[Shantytown, USANature's Path: Interview with Lisa GoffSusan E. Cayleff]]====The Harvard University Press recently published Lisa Goff's At the very end of the 19th Century, a new book Shantytownsystem called naturopathy was created by Benedict and Louisa Stroebel Lust. Unlike many of the 19th Century medical systems created, USA: Forgotten Landscapes naturopathy has persevered to this day. Naturopathic healing was founded and based on number of the Working Poorinfluences including botanics, hydrotherapy, eclecticism, temperance and vegetarianism. There{{Read more|Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. Cayleff}}</div> <div class="portal">[[File:British_Lancers.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why did the Battle of the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectives?]]====The Battle of the Somme or the Somme Offensive was a chance series of battles that one occurred during the Summer and Autumn of your American ancestors lived 1916. It involved British and French forces launching a massive assault on the German lines in an American shantytowneffort to break the stalemate on the Western Front. While we may not realize it now, shantytowns were The Battle was primarily a common feature of 19th century Americabattle between the Germans and the British. The offensive achieved very little and both sides suffered heavy casualties. Goff's book explores not The British only how shantytowns became advanced a prominent feature of America's towns few miles and cities, but why middle class Americans eventually turned on them and their residentsthe German lines held. The stalemate was not broken by the offensive. {{Read more|Shantytown, USA: Interview with Lisa GoffWhy did the Battle of the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectives?}}

[[File:portraitbowieFrench_soldiers.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[The Mysterious Illness Origins of Jim Bowie: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?World War One - Top Ten Booklist]]====Directly or indirectly, Jim Bowie’s enigmatic illness resulted from his own actionsThe First World War was an incredibly destructive and wide ranging catastrophe. A hearty man Not only did it dramatically change the map of six feet in height, Bowie was a walking contradiction; a slave trader who fought for freedom, a generous Europe and congenial man who called out his thunderous temper on a whim, the world and it led to further instability. The First World War was one of the most important wars in human history. There has long been a commanding leader who was prone to binges debate about the exact cause of the First World War. The assassination of sloppy drunkennessthe Archduke Ferdinand triggered the war but its ultimate causes were far more complex.{{Read more|The Mysterious Illness Origins of Jim Bowie: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?World War One - Top Ten Booklist}}

[[File:Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_BastilleQueen_Anne's_Lace_(25468119510).jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Origins What was used for birth control in medieval Europe?]]====Birth is a universal experience for humanity and therefore, so is conception. This makes the issue of contraception one which stretched back into antiquity. While this topic is frequently in modern news, the historic practices of contraception and the French specific methods utilized are rarely touched upon. {{Read more|What was used for birth control in medieval Europe?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:GW-painting.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px]]====[[What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution - Top Ten Booklist?]]====The French Second Continental Congress voted unanimously to put George Washington in charge of the Continental Army in 1775. Washington was only 43 years old at the time, a gentleman planter and local Virginian politician. {{Read more|What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution has ?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:512px-Filip II Macedonia.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[How did Phillip II of Macedon change Ancient Greek history?]]====Alexander the Great is one of the most famous men in history. However, it is generally recognized that Alexander’s achievements would have been seen impossible without his father, Philip II of Macedon, who reigned from 359 to 336 B.C. He is not as well-known as his son but he laid the foundations for the great Empire of Alexander.{{Read more|How did Phillip II of Macedon change Ancient Greek history?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Egyptian kitchen Berlin 1.jpg|thumbnail|left|220px]]=====[[How did kitchens develop?]]=====Few places in a world-altering eventhome are as important or symbolic for our social bonds than the kitchen. The revolution demolished In almost every culture, the kitchen serves not only as the place where food is prepared, but serves as a long standing monarchy social hub for families and showed that it was a natural form of governmentfriends. Humans develop deep social bonds with family and friends in their kitchen. The Revolution kitchen does not simply provide for our daily nutrition but also helps to reinforce our social character. Whether humans are cooking around a fire or chopping vegetables on a granite counter-top, they are also showed that interacting with one another. {{Read more|How did kitchens develop?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Christiaan_Barnard_(1968).jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[When did the First Heart Transplant take place?]]====When Christiaan Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967, it was possible initially seen as remarkable scientific achievement, but overtime both the medical community and the general public were forced to change societyre-evaluate heart transplants. The medical community quickly realized that the first transplants were little more than dangerous and unpredictable experiments.{{Read more|When did the First Heart Transplant take place?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Keller.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why Did Helen Keller Become a Socialist?]]====Helen Keller (1880–1967) is best known for her triumph over blindness, using reasondeafness, and muteness. Rescued from the isolation of her afflictions as a young girl by the Perkins Institute for the better Blind teacher Anne Sullivan, Keller learned to understand a basic form of sign language and worselearned to “feel” and imitate the sound of the human voice. {{Read more|Why Did Helen Keller Become a Socialist?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[When was Mesothelioma First Diagnosed?]]====The French Revolution inspired many history of Mesothelioma is complicated. Medicine struggled to agitate for democracy establish its existence and understand what caused it. Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that forms on the "tissues that cover the lungs and equality around abdomen." Mesothelioma is typically tied to the worldexposure of people to asbestos in either their environment or workplace.{{Read more|When was Mesothelioma First Diagnosed?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Rabbbi's_Atheist_.jpeg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter: Interview with Bonnie S. Anderson]]====History is fickle. During the 19th Century, Ernestine Rose was one of the most important and famous international advocates for feminism, free thought and anti-slavery. She worked closely with renowned figures in this movement such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Despite her contributions to feminism, atheism, and anti-slavery, since her death she has slowly been erased from history. {{Read more|Origins The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter: Interview with Bonnie S. Anderson}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Skythian_archer_plate_BM_E135_by_Epiktetos.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[When did Men Start Wearing Pants?]]====Why did humans start wearing pants? To answer this question it’s important to understand two things - first, what were the earliest forms of clothing and how did they evolve into pants and secondly, why did a need for pants develop? It is also helpful to define what is meant by pants - specifically a bifurcated garment for the bottom half of the French Revolution body which covers from waist to the lower leg. It is also helpful to define what is meant by pants - Top Ten Booklistspecifically a bifurcated garment for the bottom half of the body which covers from waist to the lower leg. {{Read more|When did Men Start Wearing Pants?}}

[[File:Robert_E_Lee_in_1863Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit for my series headline photo.pngjpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|220px200px]] ====[[How Did the Battle of South Mountain Alter What Mistakes did the Course of the American Civil WarAllies make during Operation Overlord on D-Day?]]====When Lee ordered his men out June 6, 1944 was arguably the most pivotal day of VirginiaWorld War II. Operation Overlord was set to be launched and if successful, he had was to open a massive forcesecond front in Europe so as to attack Germany from all sides. The Confederate Stalin’s Soviet Army left Centreville, Virginia with 45,700 men. Additionally, Lee called up three divisions from Richmond that totaled another 20,600 troops had been battling the German Army since late 1942 in addition to J.E.B. Stuart’s cavalry of 5Stalingrad,500 riders. In totalLeningrad, 71,800 Confederate soldiers departed Virginia with orders to proceed to Marylandand Moscow. {{Read more|How Did the Battle of South Mountain Alter What Mistakes did the Course of the American Civil WarAllies make during Operation Overlord on D-Day?}}

====[[Book Review: "The Assassin's Accomplice."]]====[[File:grantAssassins_accomplice.jpg|left|thumb|250px150px]]====[[Was Kate Clifford Larson's book The Assassin’s Accomplice: Mary Surratt and the Destruction Perpetrated by Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil War?]]====January 1, 1863 marked is a pivotal moment in well-researched narrative exploring the American Civil Warprosecution of Mary Surratt. On this date The Assassin’s Accomplice details the Emancipation Proclamation, the preliminary of which was issued by President Lincoln on September 22, 1862, took full and permanent effect, thus changing events that revolved around Mrs. Surratt in the Union’s ultimate war goal. The harsh days and unpopular actions that were necessary weeks leading up to prevent the prolonged bloody carnage assassination of continual war were tasked to three men: Abraham President Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and William T. Sherman. {{Read more|Was the Destruction Perpetrated by Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil War?Book Review: "The Assassin's Accomplice."}}

====[[How Did Black Pepper Spread in Popularity?]]====[[File:Black pepper (By R.Boroujerdi).jpeg|left|thumb|205px]]Visiting a restaurant in the Western world or even a home often means finding salt and black pepper as common condiments on the table used to give taste to our dishes. Salt has been native to many regions and is commonly found; however, black pepper was a far more limited plant (Piper nigrum) that natively grew in South and Southeast Asia.{{Read more|How Did Black Pepper Spread in Popularity?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:GW-paintingAlmost_a_Miracle.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|200px]]====[[American Revolution Top Ten Booklist]]====On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the Continental Congress. This act was only the first step towards the creation of the United States. The impact of this revolution cannot be ignored. {{Read more|American Revolution Top Ten Booklist}}</div>

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Pinkertons.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[What was George WashingtonInventing the Pinkertons: Interview with Paul O's military experience before the American Revolution?Hara]]====The Second Continental Congress voted unanimously to put George Washington in charge of In 1850, Allan Pinkerton founded a detective agency that would grow into the Continental Army in 1775Pinkerton's National Detective Agency. Washington was only 43 years old at Pinkerton's agency is easily the time, a gentleman planter most famous and infamous security guard and local Virginian politiciandetective agency in United States history. He had not served in Pinkerton originally created the military for over 20 years agency to help railroad companies investigate their employees and his military service records was not particularly distinguishedcatch train robbers. What qualified Washington for But over time, the Pinkertons developed an intimate relationship with the supreme confidence federal government and as these partnerships grew the young American rebels placed in him?Pinkertons' role increased dramatically. {{Read more|What was George WashingtonInventing the Pinkertons: Interview with Paul O's military experience before the American Revolution?Hara}}

[[File:Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_(Kestner_Museum)652px-First_Oil_Well.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|200px]]====[[How did Monotheism DevelopEdwin Drake create the World's first oil well?]]====While monotheism is seen as something that has derived from Judaism, the history Even though there was no one "first discover" of how monotheism became pervasive is complexoil. Oil was known in antiquity when it was used to heal wounds. Integrating both historical and archaeological data, we find that But by the rise middle of monotheism has been influenced by key political events. These political events help transform the 19th century methods for collecting oil from the ground had not just these early monotheistic faiths but also by extension many parts changed for thousands of years. Edwin Drake's oil fundamentally changed this process and dramatically increased oil production around the world today.{{Read more|How did Monotheism DevelopEdwin Drake create the World's first oil well?}}

[[File:American_Colossus.jpeg|left|thumb|125px]]Creating a Top Ten List for the Gilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this period. These books are a selection of our favorites. Creating a Top Ten List for the Gilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this period. These books are a selection of our favorites. Most of these books are focused on trying to define this era as whole, instead of focusing on a single issue. In other words, several of these books are seeking to create a grand narrative of the era to help their readers understand it. {{Read more|Gilded Age/Progressive Era History Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal">[[File:Samuel_Hahnemann_1841.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Century?]]====Nineteenth-century medicine was characterized by constant competition among three major medical sects: Regulars, Eclectics, and Homeopaths.[1] Each of these medical sects not only meaningfully disagreed on how to treat illnesses and diseases, but sought to portray their type of practice as the most effective and scientific.{{Read more|What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Century?}}

[[File:BattleCryFreedomCongress_of_Vienna_1815.jpegjpg|thumbnail|left|thumb250px]]====[[Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?]]====The Congress of Vienna was a gathering of representatives of European kingdoms that was presided over by the Austrian Chancellor Klemens Von Metternich. The Congress was held in Vienna from 1814 to 1815. The goals of the Congress were to secure peace and stability in Europe and to ensure that revolutions did not destabilize the Continent. {{Read more|Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Tissot Solomon Dedicates the Temple at Jerusalem.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[History of God Top Ten Booklist]]====The concept of God and his historical development is an extraordinarily complex topic and it is not easily addressed in ten books. These books seek attempt to explain a complex story on how the concept of God developed in different cultures, places, and across time. The Best Historians history of the idea of God is long and Books According has its roots from prehistoric to James McPhersonearly historic periods in the ancient Near East. Later cultures developed concepts that derive from ancient Iran, Greece, Egypt, and perhaps other regions.{{Read more|History of God Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:William-wallace-monument-1256291 1280.jpeg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How historically accurate is Braveheart?]]====In 2014Braveheart was a popular movie released in 1995 that won 5 Oscars and featured Mel Gibson as William Wallace. Wallace was a Scottish knight who became a hero in the Scottish rebellions against the English in the late 13th and early 14th century. The movie helped to inspire Scottish national pride while also, to some, represent an early, Medieval warrior who fought for freedom for himself and his people. While much of the story depicted did occur, including the New York Times published a brief interview with noted Civil War historian James McPhersonEnglish occupation of Scotland during the time of Edward I, king of England, The George Henry Davis 1886 Professor the depiction of American History at Princeton Universitythe revolt against the English and other events do not correspond well to historical accounts. McPherson {{Read more|How historically accurate is considered Braveheart?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File: Drysocks.JPG |thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[What Was the Importance of Bill Mauldin to be WWII Infantrymen?]]====Bill Mauldin once said that the infantryman “gives more and gets less than anybody else.” He knew this from his experience on the dean front lines with K Company, 180th Infantry Regiment, of Civil War historiansthe 45th Division. He is best known for Mauldin went through basic training as an infantryman and stayed with his Pulitzer Prize winning book Battle Cry regiment throughout the invasion of Sicily and the Allied campaign up the boot of Freedom which is Italy. The talented cartoonist succeeded in ruffling the best overview feathers of the Civil War“brass” all the way up to General George Patton.{{Read more|What Was the Importance of Bill Mauldin to WWII Infantrymen?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Florence_Cathedral.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why did the Italian Renaissance End?]]====The Best Historians Italian Renaissance was one of the most exciting periods in human civilisation. It witnessed a great flourishing of the arts, literature, philosophy, architecture and politics. Many of the greatest figures in World Civilisation appeared during the Renaissance in Italy, including Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Machiavelli and Books According to James McPhersonRaphael.{{Read more|Why did the Italian Renaissance End?}}

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====History of Religion===={{#dpl:category=Religious History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Ancient Greek History===={{#dpl:category=Ancient Greek History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====American Civil War===={{#dpl:category=Civil War|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====19th Century History===={{#dpl:category=19th Century History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Renaissance History===={{#dpl:category=Renaissance History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====History of Early US Republic====*[[Thomas Jefferson, the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam Haselby]]*[[The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Interview with Terri Halperin]]*[[Fate of the Revolution: Interview with Lorri Glover]]*[[American Revolution Top Ten Booklist]]*[[What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution?]]*[[Hodges' Scout: Interview with Len Travers]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Sports History====*[[Did Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?]]*[[How did modern boxing emerge?]]*[[How did the game of golf emerge?]]*[[How did the marathon emerge?]]*[[How did the modern tennis emerge?]]*[[Who integrated the NBA?]]*[[How did hunting become a symbol of the aristocracy/royalty]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Legal History====*[[American Legal History Top Ten Booklist]]*[[American Surveillance: Interview with Anthony Gregory]]*[[How did the Sharia Law develop?]]*[[How has the Roman Lex Mercatoria evolved to play a role in modern International Trade and Commerce Codification?]]*[[How does The Magna Carta influence the Modern Perceptions of Civil Rights?]]*[[How has ancient Rome influenced European law?]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====World War I===={{#dpl:category=World War One History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====European Interwar Political History====*[[How did Vladimir Lenin Rise To Power?]]*[[How Joseph Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union]]*[[How did Mussolini become Prime Minister of Italy?]]*[[Primed for Violence in Interwar Poland: Interview with Paul Brykczynski]]*[[The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact- Stalin’s greatest mistake?]]*[[The Nazi triumph: how did Adolf Hitler become the Fuehrer of Germany?]]*[[Why did the the Weimar Republic Collapse?]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====World War Two===={{#dpl:category=World War Two History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====British History===={{#dpl:category=British History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div><div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Roman History===={{#dpl:category=Roman History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Historically Accurate===={{#dpl:category=Historically Accurate|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div>  <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Interviews===={{#dpl:category=Interviews|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Booklists===={{#dpl:category=Booklists|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=12}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Articles====

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Book Reviews==Interviews==These Here are some of our interviews with historians discussing their new booksmost recent book reviews.{{#dpl:category=InterviewsBook Review|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=78}}

<div class="portal">style==Booklists==Includes our most recent Expert and User created Top Ten History Booklists.{{#dpl"font-size:category=Booklists|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=15}}</div90%">

<div class="portal">==Blog Roll=Great History Sites====

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