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__NOTOC__ <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Alexander the Great Top Ten Booklist]]====Creating a top ten list for books on Alexander the Great is not easy, since few ancient historical figures have been written about as much. Everything from his complex personality and his sexual life to his military and logistical tactics have been analyzed by historians. Alexander, simply put, stands out as unique among ancient historical figures for having so much detailed assessment made on his life and times.{{MediawikiRead more|Alexander the Great Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:kindleoasisA_Midwife's_Tale.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px]] ====[[Gender in Early America Top Ten Booklist]]====Most of us are familiar with a narrative of colonial America that focuses on the actions of our "Founding Fathers." But what of our "Founding Mothers"? This booklist compiles ten works that explore gender in colonial North America and provide an important lens through which we can view some of the formative events in our shared history. {{Read more|Gender in Early America Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Florence_CathedralLighthouse.jpg|150px|thumbnail|left|300px]]====[[Why did How Was the Italian Renaissance EndLighthouse of Alexandria Destroyed?]]====The Italian Renaissance was one Of all the Seven Wonders of the most exciting periods Ancient World, only the Great Pyramids of Giza in human civilisationEgypt still remain. War, neglect, and natural disasters have wiped them from the face of the earth with only descriptions left by ancient historians and geographers, or perhaps an occasional coin or painting, as tokens of their greatness. {{Read more|How Was the Lighthouse of Alexandria Destroyed?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:William_Ellis.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px]]====[[Best Gifts for History Lovers]]====It witnessed can sometimes be difficult to find the right gift for your history loving friend or spouse. Hopefully, we can help. This is our 2017 list of great gifts for history lovers. If in doubt, get a great flourishing book. History lovers adore books. Some our recommendations are less academic then some of the artsbooks that appear on our other booklists, literature, philosophy, architecture and politicsbut they do represent outstanding recent books that most history lovers should enjoy. {{Read more|Best Gifts for History Lovers}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Spartacus - 1960 - poster. Many png|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How accurate is Stanley Kubrick's 'Spartacus'?]]====The historical epic Spartacus (1960) is one of the greatest figures best-known movies in World Civilisation appeared during cinema history. It caused a sensation on its release and was one of the most successful pictures of the Renaissance in Italy, including Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Machiavelli 1960s. The movie was not only a commercial success it was a critical success and Raphaelit received several Academy Awards. Spartacus was directed by the cinematic genius Stanley Kubrick.{{Read more|Why did the Italian Renaissance EndHow accurate is Stanley Kubrick's 'Spartacus'?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Gregory-American-Surveillance-cLast_Kingdom_2.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[American Surveillance: Interview with Anthony GregoryHow Historically Accurate is Season 2 of Last Kingdom?]]====Season 2 is divided into two novels from the Saxon Tales series written by Bernard Cornwell, namely books 3 and 4 (Season 1 was books 1-2). The novels span roughly between 878-886 (Figure 1). The United States has been conducting surveillance main focus for Season 2 in the first four episodes is Uhtred's quest to go north from Wessex into Northumbria, a less tamed area of its citizens since it was created, England that is ruled more by Danes but the ability of any government to spy on its citizens has dramatically improved their hold is somewhat less clear. Uhtred seeks his ancestral home in the digital age. How should United States balance national security Bebbanburg (Bamburgh Castle) and personal privacy? Does the Constitution provide adequate protection also wants revenge against unrestricted government surveillance? What can advocates do to strengthen personal privacy rights? These concerns will only intensify in the years to comeKjartan, who killed is adopted Danish father.{{Read more|American Surveillance: Interview with Anthony GregoryHow Historically Accurate is Season 2 of Last Kingdom?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:1896 Olympic marathonConfederate_monument_Elmira_NY.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|thumb|300px]]====[[How did Why are there so many Monuments to the Confederacy across the marathon emergeUnited States?]]====The marathon As one travels across the southern United States, it is seen today as grueling long-distancenot unusual to find monuments and memorials to the Confederate dead in many small towns. In fact, these sculptural pieces, usually over 26 mile race. The battle often composed of Marathon, fought between the Greek and Persian armies, same statues and plinths from the resulting run by a Greek warrior to tell the victory is usually cited as the origin Monumental Bronze Co. of this sportBridgeport, Conn. While there is truth in this story, the history of the marathon is complex can be found as far north as Pennsylvania and its presence New York. A study in many major world cities shows it 2016 found some 1,500 monuments still stands as one standing. While in recent years these monuments have become a new source of the great events that tests human will and skillpolitical conversation their very erection was a movement by Confederate women.{{Read more|How did Why are there so many Monuments to the Confederacy across the marathon emergeUnited States?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Gettysburg16307509620 d1ab80ba6b.jpegjpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Civil War Battles Top Ten BooklistWhat was lynching?]]====A DailyHistory.org top ten booklist focusing on best book on Lynching is often described as a form of extralegal, vigilante violence or justice; however, its meaning has evolved over time—from the battles tarring and feathering of individuals in the Colonial period to the lethal, racial violence that proliferated in the South. According to Digital History, "Lynching received its name from Judge Charles Lynch, a Virginia farmer who punished outlaws and Tories with "rough" justice during the American Civil WarRevolution. " The books on this list explore United States has a long history of vigilance committees whose purposes were to protect the community. According to Linda Gordon, “vigilantism generally means bypassing the battles legal procedures of Antietam, Gettysburg, Chancellorsvillethe state and substituting direct, usually punitive and coercive action by self-appointed groups of citizens".{{Read more|What was lynching?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Tomb_of_Nakht.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[What Was the Importance of Alcohol Consumption in Ancient Egypt?]]====There is a common misconception today that life in ancient Egypt was a dreary one for anyone not in the nobility. This image is probably at least partially derived from pop culture where scenes are common in movies that depict Egyptian peasants being worked to the death to make tombs and temples for their gods and many otherskings. The list includes reality is that although the works of several ancient Egyptian social system was quite different from that of the most prominent historians on this topic including James McPhersonmodern world, Gordon Rheaand they had few of today’s modern conveniences, Stephen Sears and Craig Symonds. Take Egyptians from all social classes enjoyed a look at our listleisure culture that was not much different than today’s.{{Read more|Civil War Battles Top Ten BooklistWhat Was the Importance of Alcohol Consumption in Ancient Egypt?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:662px-Official_Francisco_FrancoL'aquarium; vue intérieure.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|thumb|200px]]====[[What were the Root Causes of the Spanish Civil WarHow Did Public Aquariums Develop?]]====Spain was a very divided, unstable and weak country Large public aquariums have become fixtures in the 19th centurymost major urban regions. Once a great powerIn some places, Spain lost almost they have become among the last of its colonies after it defeat in the Spanish-American war.[1] It was technically a monarchyleading attractions for city tourism, but power had frequently been in the hands of military dictatorswhere many aquariums have also expanded into conservation efforts and applied research along with being tourist destinations. The country was bitterly divided. The acute poverty history of such aquariums is not completely modern, although the Spanish people meant that many were drawn to Communism, Anarchism and Socialismform in which we know aquariums today is mostly a recent development.{{Read more|What were the Root Causes of the Spanish Civil WarHow Did Public Aquariums Develop?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:PrivateeringKarl XII i Ystad 1715, målning av Johan Heinrich Wedekindt från 1719.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Privateering during the War Why did Charles XII of 1812: Interview with Faye M. KertSweden fail to conquer Russia in 1708?]]====During the War 1812, US and Canadian privateers fought most The failed invasion of the naval battles between the United States Russia by Hitler and Great BritainNapoleon are well known. These privateers were comprised Less well-known is invasion of captains who were motivated Russia by the promise of profit to fight for Swedes under their countriesmost famous king, Charles XII. There Sweden in 1700 was a strong legal framework in both the United States greatest Northern European power and this provoked the jealousy of its neighbors. This led to the Great Britain that normalized piracyNorthern War. Canadian and American ship owners and investors took advantage The culmination of this war was the Swedish monarch’s invasion of it Russia and funded privateering outfits during his subsequent defeat by Tsar Peter the war. Needless to say, privateers were incredibly risky investmentsGreat at Poltava (1709).{{Read more|Privateering during the War Why did Charles XII of 1812: Interview with Faye M. KertSweden fail to conquer Russia in 1708?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:CayleffThe_Native_Ground.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[NatureHow have Historians's Path: Interview with Susan E. Cayleffperceptions of Native Americans changed?]]====At the very end of the 19th CenturyIn 1997, Kerwin Lee Klein, among others, observed that a new system called naturopathy was created by Benedict wholesale change had occurred in how historians portrayed Native American history. Previously, historians and Louisa Stroebel Lust. Unlike many ethnographers had focused on “the tragedy of the 19th Century medical systems createdvanishing Indian.”[1] Many Americans, naturopathy has persevered even those sympathetic to Native Americans, argued that Indians ultimately faced extinction. Even though this day. Naturopathic healing argument was founded and based on number undermined by the continued survival of influences including botanicsNative Americans, hydrotherapy, eclecticism, temperance scholars were slow to reject it. The Native American rights movement of the 1960s and vegetarianism1970s emphasized the persistence of Native Americans. {{Read more|NatureHow have Historians's Path: Interview with Susan E. Cayleffperceptions of Native Americans changed?}}

<div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Congress_of_Vienna_1815Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|250px]] ====[[Why did The Abraham Lincoln Brigade: the Congress Historiography of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?the American soldiers in the Spanish American War]]====The Congress of Vienna was a gathering of representatives of European kingdoms that was presided over by During the Spanish Civil War, approximately 2,800 American men and women answered the Austrian Chancellor Klemens Von Metternich. The Congress was held in Vienna call from 1814 the Communist party to 1815defend the Spanish republic from fascist aggression. The goals of the Congress were to secure peace These men and stability women served in Europe the Fifteenth International Brigade and to ensure that revolutions did not destabilize formed the ContinentAbraham Lincoln, Washington and MacKenzie-Papineau Battalions. These soldiers’ stories have been controversial, because 80 percent of these volunteers were Communists. {{Read more|Why did The Abraham Lincoln Brigade: the Congress Historiography of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?the American soldiers in the Spanish American War}}

<div class="portal" style="width:85%;">[[File:652px-First_Oil_WellAmerican_Girls_in_Red_Russia.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]]====[[How did Edwin Drake create the World's first oil well?American Girls in Red Russia: Interview with Julia Mickenberg]]====Even though there was no one "first discover" Julia L. Mickenberg's new book American Girls in Russia: Chasing the Soviet Dream published by the University of Chicago Press explores the history of oilthe American women who went to Russia looking for adventure, freedom, revolution, work and new life. Oil was known in antiquity when it was used After they moved to heal woundsRussia they found challenges and hardships. But Many were disturbed by both the middle conditions of the 19th century methods for collecting oil from country and the ground had not changed for thousands treatment of years. Edwin Drake's oil fundamentally changed this process and dramatically increased oil production around people by the worldnew government. {{Read more|How did Edwin Drake create the World's first oil well?American Girls in Red Russia: Interview with Julia Mickenberg}}

[[File:VDC_book_coverGermanHyperChart.jpg|150px|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[Fate What Were the Causes of the Revolution: Interview with Lorri GloverGermany's Hyperinflation of 1921-1923?]]====Starting in 1787, states began to ratify Among the newly drafted federal Constitution which would determine defining features of early twentieth century Europe and one of the fate of contributing factors to World War II, was the new American Republiceconomic maelstrom known as “hyperinflation” that ravaged Germany from 1921 until 1923. In order for Although the Constitution to go short period is often overlooked in effect, nine popular histories of the states needed to agree to period, there is no denying the document. While five states quickly ratified impacts that the Constitution between December 1787 and January 1788process had on Germany, Europe, the country's eyes stayed on Virginia. Virginia was the most populated and largest state and it was critical for the state to ratify the Constitution to legitimize the processworld. {{Read more|Fate What Were the Causes of Germany's Hyperinflation of the Revolution: Interview with Lorri Glover1921-1923?}}

[[File:Px-Epikouros BM 184332936173946 bc0836c5c5 o.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[Why was Epicurus and his philosophy so importantWhen did abortion become legal in the United States?]]====Epicurus is often associated as one of the Greek philosophers more interested In colonial America, abortion was dealt with in pleasure a manner according to English common law. Abortion was typically only frowned upon, or penalized, when it occurred after “quickening,”—when a woman felt fetal movement—because it suggested that the fetus had manifested into its pursuit than other idealsown separate being. While at times this led Quickening could vary from women to a negative view of his philosophywoman, the reality is his thinking was very advanced and developed, leading to his ideas becoming highly influential in modern thought in many regions of the world today. He was one of the first Greek philosophers to develop a strong tradition that avoid superstition sometimes as late as a core idealfour months.{{Read more|Why was Epicurus and his philosophy so importantWhen did abortion become legal in the United States?}}

[[File:Almost_a_MiracleAncient_ziggurat.jpg|150px|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[American Revolution Top Ten BooklistWhat Was the Importance of Ziggurats in Ancient Mesopotamia?]]====On July 4, 1776, the Declaration The people of Independence was signed by the Continental Congress. This act was ancient Mesopotamia practiced a religion that modern scholars are only just now beginning to understand and the first step towards the creation physical focal point of their religion were the United States. The United States then fought a seven year war to cement its independence from England. The successful fight for independence has had a remarkable impact on world history over the past 200 years. The United States gradually transformed itself from a former colony into a superpower. The impact of this revolution cannot be ignoredmonumental, triangular structures known as ziggurats. {{Read more|American Revolution Top Ten BooklistWhat Was the Importance of Ziggurats in Ancient Mesopotamia?}}

[[File:Plato Academy MAN Napoli Inv124545Immigrants_Ellis.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What was Plato's academy and why did it influence Western thought?Working Toward Whiteness by David Roediger]]====David Roediger’s book <i>Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White: The Academy, founded Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs</i> continues his provocative exploration of whiteness studies by examining how southern and eastern European immigrants became white during the philosopher Plato in first half of the early 4th twentieth century BCE, was perhaps one of the earliest institutions of higher learning. While it was not like a university where people would enroll and obtain advanced degrees, it functioned as one of the first places for dedicated research into scientific and philosophical questionsRoediger argues that “the long, at least in Europe, took place circuitous process by gathered scholars. Its main function was to teach Plato's philosophical understanding, but it also challenged its scholars to develop a new understanding of our universewhich ‘new immigrants’ became ‘white ethnics’” matters. {{Read more|What was Plato's academy and why did it influence Western thought?Working Toward Whiteness by David Roediger}}

[[File:The_Alien_and_Sedition_Acts_of_1789Marco Polo traveling.jpgjpeg|left|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[The Alien and Sedition Acts What Is the History of 1798: Interview with Terri HalperinIce Cream?]]====The Alien and Sedition Acts Ice cream has been a popular treat that many see today as having developed relatively recently, as ice cream usually requires a form of 1798 were four laws that were passed by refrigeration. While the predominantly Federalist Congress and signed by John Adams to strengthen modern form of ice cream is relatively more recent, the national security idea of the United Statesice cream has been present for millennia. These acts not only restricted the ability of an immigrant to become a citizenIce treats, which eventually gave us ice cream, but made it easier to deport non-citizens who were either deemed dangerous refreshing snacks usually reserved for elites or were citizens those who can obtain ice in times of hostile countrieswarm or hot weather. {{Read more|The Alien and Sedition Acts What Is the History of 1798: Interview with Terri HalperinIce Cream?}}

[[File:Danse_macabre_by_Michael_WolgemutTod des Spartacus by Hermann Vogel.pngjpg|thumbnail|left|250px200px]]====[[How did What was the Bubonic Plague make the Italian Renaissance possibleimpact of Spartacus' uprising on Rome?]]====The Black Death (1347-1350) Spartacus was a pandemic that devastated Thracian and he had once fought with the populations of Europe Romans. According to Plutarch, he was enslaved by them after he had deserted. Due to his strength and Asia. The plague military skills he was an unprecedented human tragedy in Italytrained as a gladiator. It not only shook Italian societyIn 73BC, but transformed it. The Black Death marked an end of an era he plotted to escape from his gladiatorial school, near Capua in southern Italy, its impact and was profound and it resulted joined in wide-ranging social, economic, cultural and religious changesthe conspiracy by up to 100 other gladiators.{{Read more|How did What was the Bubonic Plague make the Italian Renaissance possibleimpact of Spartacus' uprising on Rome?}}

[[File:Stalingrad threeHoecke_Croesus_showing_his_treasures.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px200px]]====[[Why did Germany lose How Did Croesus Become the Battle of StalingradWealthiest Man in the Ancient World?]]====Hitler saw According the war in terms of his personal rivalry with Stalin and he decided to attack fifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus, who has often been called the city, because “father of its symbolic value. Howeverhistory, ” the original aim of the offensive in Southern Russian Lydian King Croesus (ruled ca. 560-540s BC) was to secure the oil fields in world’s wealthiest king who ruled the Caucasusworld’s wealthiest kingdom. The oil was essential for When Salon, the legendary Athenian law giver, came to Lydia see the German war machine. Hitler knew this – instead of opting for concentrating all king’s wealth personally, Croesus immediately had his forces servants “take him on a tour of the royal treasuries” in order to “point out the conquest richness and magnificence of the oil fields, he made perhaps a fateful mistakeeverything.”{{Read more|Why did Germany lose How Did Croesus Become the Wealthiest Man in the Battle of StalingradAncient World?}}

[[File:Samuel_Hahnemann_1841Oseberg_ship_-_IMG_9129.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[What was if the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th CenturyVikings Never Invaded England?]]====Nineteenth-century medicine was characterized by constant competition among three major medical sects: RegularsThe Viking, Eclecticsor more accurately Danish and Norsemen, and Homeopaths.[1] Each invasions of these medical sects not only meaningfully disagreed on how England in the 9th century CE (865) helped lead to treat illnesses and diseaseswhat ultimately would become the united country of England. Before 865, England was divided into four or sometimes more countries, but sought to portray their type of practice as the most effective populated by Angles and scientificSaxons (or Anglo-Saxons).{{Read more|What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during if the 19th CenturyVikings Never Invaded England?}}

[[File:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_18001906roome_td_yale.jpgpng|thumbnail|left|200px250px]]====[[Did Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?]]====In 1905, American football faced an crisis. Far to many young men were being killed while playing football and no one was taking any serious actions to reduce the risks. The headline at the top of the right hand column in ''The Chicago Sunday Tribune'' on November 26, 1905 screamed, "Football Year's Death Harvest - Record Shows That Nineteen Players Have Been Killed; One Hundred Thirty-seven Hurt - Two Are Slain Saturday."{{Read more|Did Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?}}</div>

<div class="portal">[[File:Privateering.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px]]====[[Thomas Jefferson, Privateering during the Founding Fathers and ChristianityWar of 1812: Interview with Sam HaselbyFaye M. Kert]]====Recently on TwitterDuring the War 1812, a debate broke out US and Canadian privateers fought most of the naval battles between Annette Gordon-Reed, Sam Haselby, the United States and John Fea on the nature of Thomas Jefferson's religious beliefsGreat Britain. Instead These privateers were comprised of recreating captains who were motivated by the debate, it made more sense promise of profit to contact one of the participants, Sam Haselby, whose recent book ''The Origins of American Religious Nationalism'' (published by Oxford University Press) examines how fight for their countries. There was a conflict with Protestantism, strong legal framework in both the decades following US independence transformed United States and Great Britain that normalized piracy. Canadian and American national identityship owners and investors took advantage of it and funded privateering outfits during the war. Needless to say, privateers were incredibly risky investments.{{Read more|Thomas Jefferson, Privateering during the Founding Fathers and ChristianityWar of 1812: Interview with Sam HaselbyFaye M. Kert}}

[[File:EngineeringvictoryCayleff.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]]====[[Engineering Victory during the Civil WarNature's Path: Interview with Thomas F. Army, JrSusan E.Cayleff]]====Logistics win wars. Logistics is At the coordination very end of complex operations such as movingthe 19th Century, housing and supplying troops a new system called naturopathy was created by Benedict and their equipmentLouisa Stroebel Lust. War is the ultimate test Unlike many of any logistician. During the Civil War19th Century medical systems created, the Union troops fought almost the entire war in the Southnaturopathy has persevered to this day. Thomas F. ArmyNaturopathic healing was founded and based on number of influences including botanics, hydrotherapy, eclecticism, Jr. argues in his new book Engineering Victory: How Technology Won the Civil War published by Johns Hopkins University Press that the Union's engineering prowess during Civil War gave it an distinct advantage over the Confederacytemperance and vegetarianism.{{Read more|Engineering Victory during the Civil WarNature's Path: Interview with Thomas F. Army, JrSusan E.Cayleff}}

[[File:Shantytown_USABritish_Lancers.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Shantytown, USA: Interview with Lisa GoffWhy did the Battle of the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectives?]]====The Harvard University Press recently published Lisa Goff's new book Shantytown, USA: Forgotten Landscapes Battle of the Working Poor. There's Somme or the Somme Offensive was a chance series of battles that one occurred during the Summer and Autumn of your American ancestors lived 1916. It involved British and French forces launching a massive assault on the German lines in an American shantytowneffort to break the stalemate on the Western Front. While we may not realize it now, shantytowns were The Battle was primarily a common feature of 19th century Americabattle between the Germans and the British. The offensive achieved very little and both sides suffered heavy casualties. Goff's book explores not The British only how shantytowns became advanced a prominent feature of America's towns few miles and cities, but why middle class Americans eventually turned on them and their residentsthe German lines held. The stalemate was not broken by the offensive. {{Read more|Shantytown, USA: Interview with Lisa GoffWhy did the Battle of the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectives?}}

[[File:portraitbowieFrench_soldiers.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[The Mysterious Illness Origins of Jim Bowie: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?World War One - Top Ten Booklist]]====Directly or indirectly, Jim Bowie’s enigmatic illness resulted from his own actionsThe First World War was an incredibly destructive and wide ranging catastrophe. A hearty man Not only did it dramatically change the map of six feet in height, Bowie was a walking contradiction; a slave trader who fought for freedom, a generous Europe and congenial man who called out his thunderous temper on a whim, the world and it led to further instability. The First World War was one of the most important wars in human history. There has long been a commanding leader who was prone to binges debate about the exact cause of the First World War. The assassination of sloppy drunkennessthe Archduke Ferdinand triggered the war but its ultimate causes were far more complex.{{Read more|The Mysterious Illness Origins of Jim Bowie: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?World War One - Top Ten Booklist}}

[[File:Young_boxers_frescoQueen_Anne's_Lace_(25468119510).jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What was used for birth control in medieval Europe?]]====Birth is a universal experience for humanity and therefore,_Akrotiriso is conception. This makes the issue of contraception one which stretched back into antiquity. While this topic is frequently in modern news,_Greecethe historic practices of contraception and the specific methods utilized are rarely touched upon. {{Read more|What was used for birth control in medieval Europe?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:GW-painting.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px]]====[[What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution?]]====The Second Continental Congress voted unanimously to put George Washington in charge of the Continental Army in 1775. Washington was only 43 years old at the time, a gentleman planter and local Virginian politician. {{Read more|What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:512px-Filip II Macedonia.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[How did modern boxing emergePhillip II of Macedon change Ancient Greek history?]]====Boxing Alexander the Great is one of the oldest sports most famous men in history. However, it is generally recognized that Alexander’s achievements would have been impossible without his father, Philip II of Macedon, who reigned from 359 to 336 B.C. He is not as well-known as his son but he laid the foundations for the great Empire of Alexander.{{Read more|How did Phillip II of Macedon change Ancient Greek history?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Egyptian kitchen Berlin 1.jpg|thumbnail|left|220px]]=====[[How did kitchens develop?]]=====Few places in a home are as important or symbolic for our social bonds than the kitchen. In almost every culture, the kitchen serves not only as the place where food is prepared, but serves as a social hub for families and friends. Humans develop deep social bonds with family and friends in their kitchen. The kitchen does not simply provide for our daily nutrition but also helps to usreinforce our social character. From very early historical recordsWhether humans are cooking around a fire or chopping vegetables on a granite counter-top, they are also interacting with one another. {{Read more|How did kitchens develop?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Christiaan_Barnard_(1968).jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[When did the First Heart Transplant take place?]]====When Christiaan Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967, it was initially seen as remarkable scientific achievement, but overtime both the medical community and the general public were forced to its professional development in re-evaluate heart transplants. The medical community quickly realized that the first transplants were little more than dangerous and unpredictable experiments.{{Read more|When did the last centuryFirst Heart Transplant take place?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Keller.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why Did Helen Keller Become a Socialist?]]====Helen Keller (1880–1967) is best known for her triumph over blindness, deafness, and modern prizefightsmuteness. Rescued from the isolation of her afflictions as a young girl by the Perkins Institute for the Blind teacher Anne Sullivan, Keller learned to understand a basic form of sign language and learned to “feel” and imitate the sound of the sport has become human voice. {{Read more|Why Did Helen Keller Become a global phenomenon watched by millionsSocialist?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[When was Mesothelioma First Diagnosed?]]====The history of Mesothelioma is complicated. Medicine struggled to establish its existence and understand what caused it. Although modern boxing has Mesothelioma is a lot rare form of similarities cancer that forms on the "tissues that cover the lungs and abdomen." Mesothelioma is typically tied to the exposure of people to asbestos in either their environment or workplace.{{Read more|When was Mesothelioma First Diagnosed?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Rabbbi's_Atheist_.jpeg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter: Interview with its ancient cousinBonnie S. Anderson]]====History is fickle. During the 19th Century, Ernestine Rose was one of the mix most important and famous international advocates for feminism, free thought and anti-slavery. She worked closely with televisionrenowned figures in this movement such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Despite her contributions to feminism, big moneyatheism, and big personalities anti-slavery, since her death she has forever changed slowly been erased from history. {{Read more|The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter: Interview with Bonnie S. Anderson}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Skythian_archer_plate_BM_E135_by_Epiktetos.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[When did Men Start Wearing Pants?]]====Why did humans start wearing pants? To answer this question it’s important to understand two things - first, what were the earliest forms of clothing and how did they evolve into pants and secondly, why did a need for pants develop? It is also helpful to define what is meant by pants - specifically a bifurcated garment for the bottom half of the sportbody which covers from waist to the lower leg. It is also helpful to define what is meant by pants - specifically a bifurcated garment for the bottom half of the body which covers from waist to the lower leg.{{Read more|How When did modern boxing emergeMen Start Wearing Pants?}}

[[File:AlexanderTheGreat_BustInto_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit for my series headline photo.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|220px200px]] ====[[Alexander What Mistakes did the Great Top Ten BooklistAllies make during Operation Overlord on D-Day?]]====Creating a top ten list for books on Alexander June 6, 1944 was arguably the Great is not easymost pivotal day of World War II. Operation Overlord was set to be launched and if successful, since few ancient historical figures have been written about was to open a second front in Europe so as muchto attack Germany from all sides. Everything from his complex personality and his sexual life to his military and logistical tactics have Stalin’s Soviet Army had been analyzed by historians. Alexanderbattling the German Army since late 1942 in Stalingrad, simply putLeningrad, stands out as unique among ancient historical figures for having so much detailed assessment made on his life and timesMoscow. {{Read more|Alexander What Mistakes did the Great Top Ten BooklistAllies make during Operation Overlord on D-Day?}}

====[[Book Review: "The Assassin's Accomplice."]]====[[File:grantAssassins_accomplice.jpg|left|thumb|250px150px]]====[[Was Kate Clifford Larson's book The Assassin’s Accomplice: Mary Surratt and the Destruction Perpetrated by Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil War?]]====January 1, 1863 marked is a pivotal moment in well-researched narrative exploring the American Civil Warprosecution of Mary Surratt. On this date The Assassin’s Accomplice details the Emancipation Proclamation, the preliminary of which was issued by President Lincoln on September 22, 1862, took full and permanent effect, thus changing the Union’s ultimate war goalevents that revolved around Mrs. Once the aim of the war changed for Surratt in the Union, so too did its leaders. The harsh days and unpopular actions that were necessary weeks leading up to prevent the prolonged bloody carnage assassination of continual war were tasked to three men: Abraham President Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and William T. Sherman. {{Read more|Was the Destruction Perpetrated by Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil War?Book Review: "The Assassin's Accomplice."}}

====[[How Did Black Pepper Spread in Popularity?]]====[[File:Black pepper (By R.Boroujerdi).jpeg|left|thumb|205px]]Visiting a restaurant in the Western world or even a home often means finding salt and black pepper as common condiments on the table used to give taste to our dishes. Salt has been native to many regions and is commonly found; however, black pepper was a far more limited plant (Piper nigrum) that natively grew in South and Southeast Asia.{{Read more|How Did Black Pepper Spread in Popularity?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:French Prisoners 1940Almost_a_Miracle.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb200px]]====[[American Revolution Top Ten Booklist]]====On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the Continental Congress. This act was only the first step towards the creation of the United States. The impact of this revolution cannot be ignored. {{Read more|American Revolution Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Pinkertons.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[Why was France defeated in 1940?Inventing the Pinkertons: Interview with Paul O'Hara]]====In September 19391850, Allan Pinkerton founded a detective agency that would grow into the Nazi War Machine invaded Poland Pinkerton's National Detective Agency. Pinkerton's agency is easily the most famous and World War II began. France infamous security guard and its Britain declared against Nazi Germany detective agency in 1939United States history. The French army was in theory as strong as Pinkerton originally created the Germanys agency to help railroad companies investigate their employees and it had a vast Empire and a sophisticated arms industrycatch train robbers. It had also established a series of fortifications in But over time, the east of Pinkertons developed an intimate relationship with the country, known federal government and as these partnerships grew the Maginot LinePinkertons' role increased dramatically. The Line was designed to keep German forces out of France.{{Read more|Why did Inventing the United States and Soviet Union Reach Detente During the Cold War?Pinkertons: Interview with Paul O'Hara}}

[[File:Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_(Kestner_Museum)652px-First_Oil_Well.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|200px]]====[[How did Monotheism DevelopEdwin Drake create the World's first oil well?]]====While monotheism is seen as something that has derived from Judaism, the history Even though there was no one "first discover" of how monotheism became pervasive is complexoil. Oil was known in antiquity when it was used to heal wounds. Integrating both historical and archaeological data, we find that But by the rise middle of monotheism has been influenced by key political events. These political events help transform the 19th century methods for collecting oil from the ground had not just these early monotheistic faiths but also by extension many parts changed for thousands of years. Edwin Drake's oil fundamentally changed this process and dramatically increased oil production around the world today.{{Read more|How did Monotheism DevelopEdwin Drake create the World's first oil well?}}

[[File:American_Colossus.jpeg|left|thumb|125px]]Creating a Top Ten List for the Gilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this period. These books are a selection of our favorites. Creating a Top Ten List for the Gilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this period. These books are a selection of our favorites. Most of these books are focused on trying to define this era as whole, instead of focusing on a single issue. In other words, several of these books are seeking to create a grand narrative of the era to help their readers understand it. {{Read more|Gilded Age/Progressive Era History Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal">[[File:Samuel_Hahnemann_1841.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Century?]]====Nineteenth-century medicine was characterized by constant competition among three major medical sects: Regulars, Eclectics, and Homeopaths.[1] Each of these medical sects not only meaningfully disagreed on how to treat illnesses and diseases, but sought to portray their type of practice as the most effective and scientific.{{Read more|What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Century?}}

[[File:BattleCryFreedomCongress_of_Vienna_1815.jpegjpg|thumbnail|left|thumb250px]]====[[Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?]]====The Congress of Vienna was a gathering of representatives of European kingdoms that was presided over by the Austrian Chancellor Klemens Von Metternich. The Congress was held in Vienna from 1814 to 1815. The goals of the Congress were to secure peace and stability in Europe and to ensure that revolutions did not destabilize the Continent. {{Read more|Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Tissot Solomon Dedicates the Temple at Jerusalem.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[History of God Top Ten Booklist]]====The concept of God and his historical development is an extraordinarily complex topic and it is not easily addressed in ten books. These books seek attempt to explain a complex story on how the concept of God developed in different cultures, places, and across time. The Best Historians history of the idea of God is long and Books According has its roots from prehistoric to James McPhersonearly historic periods in the ancient Near East. Later cultures developed concepts that derive from ancient Iran, Greece, Egypt, and perhaps other regions.{{Read more|History of God Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:William-wallace-monument-1256291 1280.jpeg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How historically accurate is Braveheart?]]====In 2014Braveheart was a popular movie released in 1995 that won 5 Oscars and featured Mel Gibson as William Wallace. Wallace was a Scottish knight who became a hero in the Scottish rebellions against the English in the late 13th and early 14th century. The movie helped to inspire Scottish national pride while also, to some, represent an early, Medieval warrior who fought for freedom for himself and his people. While much of the story depicted did occur, including the New York Times published a brief interview with noted Civil War historian James McPhersonEnglish occupation of Scotland during the time of Edward I, king of England, The George Henry Davis 1886 Professor the depiction of American History at Princeton Universitythe revolt against the English and other events do not correspond well to historical accounts. McPherson {{Read more|How historically accurate is considered Braveheart?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File: Drysocks.JPG |thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[What Was the Importance of Bill Mauldin to be WWII Infantrymen?]]====Bill Mauldin once said that the infantryman “gives more and gets less than anybody else.” He knew this from his experience on the dean front lines with K Company, 180th Infantry Regiment, of Civil War historiansthe 45th Division. He is best known for Mauldin went through basic training as an infantryman and stayed with his Pulitzer Prize winning book Battle Cry regiment throughout the invasion of Sicily and the Allied campaign up the boot of Freedom which is Italy. The talented cartoonist succeeded in ruffling the best overview feathers of the Civil War“brass” all the way up to General George Patton.{{Read more|What Was the Importance of Bill Mauldin to WWII Infantrymen?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Florence_Cathedral.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why did the Italian Renaissance End?]]====The Best Historians Italian Renaissance was one of the most exciting periods in human civilisation. It witnessed a great flourishing of the arts, literature, philosophy, architecture and politics. Many of the greatest figures in World Civilisation appeared during the Renaissance in Italy, including Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Machiavelli and Books According to James McPhersonRaphael.{{Read more|Why did the Italian Renaissance End?}}

====Interviews===={{#dpl:category=Interviews|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Booklists===={{#dpl:category=Booklists|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=12}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Articles====

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Book Reviews==Interviews==These Here are some of our interviews with historians discussing their new booksmost recent book reviews.{{#dpl:category=InterviewsBook Review|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=78}}

<div class="portal">style==Booklists==Includes our most recent Expert and User created Top Ten History Booklists.{{#dpl"font-size:category=Booklists|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=15}}</div90%">

<div class="portal">==Blog Roll=Great History Sites====

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