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__NOTOC__ <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Alexander the Great Top Ten Booklist]]====Creating a top ten list for books on Alexander the Great is not easy, since few ancient historical figures have been written about as much. Everything from his complex personality and his sexual life to his military and logistical tactics have been analyzed by historians. Alexander, simply put, stands out as unique among ancient historical figures for having so much detailed assessment made on his life and times.{{Read more|Alexander the Great Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Articles====Here are some of our most recent articles.{{Mediawiki#dpl:kindleoasiscategory=Wikis|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:PrivateeringA_Midwife's_Tale.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]] ====[[Privateering during Gender in Early America Top Ten Booklist]]====Most of us are familiar with a narrative of colonial America that focuses on the War actions of our "Founding Fathers." But what of our "Founding Mothers"? This booklist compiles ten works that explore gender in colonial North America and provide an important lens through which we can view some of 1812the formative events in our shared history. {{Read more|Gender in Early America Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Booklists===={{#dpl:category=Booklists|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=12}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File: Interview with Faye MLighthouse. Kertjpg|150px|thumbnail|left]]====[[How Was the Lighthouse of Alexandria Destroyed?]]====During Of all the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, only the Great Pyramids of Giza in Egypt still remain. War 1812, US neglect, and Canadian privateers fought most natural disasters have wiped them from the face of the naval battles between the United States earth with only descriptions left by ancient historians and Great Britaingeographers, or perhaps an occasional coin or painting, as tokens of their greatness. These privateers were comprised {{Read more|How Was the Lighthouse of captains who were motivated by Alexandria Destroyed?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Book Reviews====Here are some of our most recent book reviews.{{#dpl:category=Book Review|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div>  <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:William_Ellis.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px]]====[[Great Gifts for History Lovers 2017]]====It can sometimes be difficult to find the promise right gift for your history loving friend or spouse. Hopefully, we can help. This is our 2017 list of profit to fight great gifts for their countrieshistory lovers. There was If in doubt, get a strong legal framework in both book. History lovers adore books. Some our recommendations are less academic then some of the United States and books that appear on our other booklists, but they do represent outstanding recent books that most history lovers should enjoy. {{Read more|Great Britain that normalized piracyGifts for History Lovers 2017}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Historically Accurate===={{#dpl:category=Historically Accurate|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=10}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Spartacus - 1960 - poster.png|thumbnail|200px|left]] ====[[How accurate is Stanley Kubrick's 'Spartacus'?]]====The historical epic Spartacus (1960) is one of the best-known movies in cinema history. Canadian It caused a sensation on its release and American ship owners and investors took advantage was one of the most successful pictures of the 1960s. The movie was not only a commercial success it was a critical success and funded privateering outfits during it received several Academy Awards. Spartacus was directed by the war. Needless to say, privateers were incredibly risky investmentscinematic genius Stanley Kubrick.{{Read more|Privateering during the War of 1812: Interview with Faye M. KertHow accurate is Stanley Kubrick's 'Spartacus'?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:CayleffLast_Kingdom_2.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. CayleffHow Historically Accurate is Season 2 of Last Kingdom?]]====At Season 2 is divided into two novels from the very end of the 19th CenturySaxon Tales series written by Bernard Cornwell, a new system called naturopathy namely books 3 and 4 (Season 1 was created by Benedict and Louisa Stroebel Lustbooks 1-2). The novels span roughly between 878-886 (Figure 1). Unlike many of The main focus for Season 2 in the 19th Century medical systems createdfirst four episodes is Uhtred's quest to go north from Wessex into Northumbria, naturopathy has persevered to this daya less tamed area of England that is ruled more by Danes but their hold is somewhat less clear. Naturopathic healing was founded Uhtred seeks his ancestral home in Bebbanburg (Bamburgh Castle) and based on number of influences including botanicsalso wants revenge against Kjartan, hydrotherapy, eclecticism, temperance and vegetarianismwho killed is adopted Danish father. {{Read more|Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. CayleffHow Historically Accurate is Season 2 of Last Kingdom?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:British_LancersConfederate_monument_Elmira_NY.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|300px]]====[[Why did are there so many Monuments to the Battle of Confederacy across the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectivesUnited States?]]====The Battle of As one travels across the Somme or southern United States, it is not unusual to find monuments and memorials to the Somme Offensive was a series Confederate dead in many small towns. In fact, these sculptural pieces, often composed of battles that occurred during the Summer same statues and Autumn plinths from the Monumental Bronze Co. of 1916Bridgeport, Conn. It involved British , can be found as far north as Pennsylvania and French forces launching a massive assault on the German lines New York. A study in an effort to break the stalemate on the Western Front2016 found some 1,500 monuments still standing. The Battle was primarily While in recent years these monuments have become a battle between the Germans and the British. The offensive achieved new source of political conversation their very little and both sides suffered heavy casualties. The British only advanced erection was a few miles and the German lines held. The stalemate was not broken movement by the offensiveConfederate women. {{Read more|Why did are there so many Monuments to the Battle of Confederacy across the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectivesUnited States?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:French_soldiers16307509620 d1ab80ba6b.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|300px]]====[[Origins of World War One - Top Ten BooklistWhat was lynching?]]====The First World War was an incredibly destructive Lynching is often described as a form of extralegal, vigilante violence or justice; however, its meaning has evolved over time—from the tarring and wide ranging catastrophe. Not only did it dramatically change the map feathering of Europe and individuals in the world and it led Colonial period to further instabilitythe lethal, racial violence that proliferated in the South. The First World War was one of According to Digital History, "Lynching received its name from Judge Charles Lynch, a Virginia farmer who punished outlaws and Tories with "rough" justice during the most important wars in human historyAmerican Revolution. There " The United States has a long been a debate about the exact cause history of vigilance committees whose purposes were to protect the First World Warcommunity. The assassination According to Linda Gordon, “vigilantism generally means bypassing the legal procedures of the Archduke Ferdinand triggered the war but its ultimate causes were far more complexstate and substituting direct, usually punitive and coercive action by self-appointed groups of citizens". {{Read more|Origins of World War One - Top Ten BooklistWhat was lynching?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:VDC_book_coverTomb_of_Nakht.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Fate What Was the Importance of the Revolution: Interview with Lorri GloverAlcohol Consumption in Ancient Egypt?]]====Starting There is a common misconception today that life in ancient Egypt was a dreary one for anyone not in 1787, states began to ratify the newly drafted federal Constitution which would determine the fate of the new American Republicnobility. In order for the Constitution This image is probably at least partially derived from pop culture where scenes are common in movies that depict Egyptian peasants being worked to go in effect, nine of the states needed death to agree to the documentmake tombs and temples for their gods and kings. While five states quickly ratified The reality is that although the Constitution between December 1787 and January 1788, the country's eyes stayed on Virginia. Virginia ancient Egyptian social system was quite different from that of the most populated modern world, and largest state and it they had few of today’s modern conveniences, Egyptians from all social classes enjoyed a leisure culture that was critical for the state to ratify the Constitution to legitimize the processnot much different than today’s. {{Read more|Fate What Was the Importance of the Revolution: Interview with Lorri GloverAlcohol Consumption in Ancient Egypt?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Px-Epikouros BM 1843L'aquarium; vue intérieure.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Why was Epicurus and his philosophy so importantHow Did Public Aquariums Develop?]]====Epicurus is often associated as one of the Greek philosophers more interested Large public aquariums have become fixtures in pleasure or its pursuit than other idealsmost major urban regions. While at times this led to a negative view of his philosophyIn some places, they have become among the reality is his thinking was very advanced and developedleading attractions for city tourism, leading to his ideas becoming highly influential in modern thought in where many regions aquariums have also expanded into conservation efforts and applied research along with being tourist destinations. The history of such aquariums is not completely modern, although the world form in which we know aquariums today. He was one of the first Greek philosophers to develop is mostly a strong tradition that avoid superstition as a core idealrecent development.{{Read more|Why was Epicurus and his philosophy so importantHow Did Public Aquariums Develop?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Almost_a_MiracleKarl XII i Ystad 1715, målning av Johan Heinrich Wedekindt från 1719.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[American Revolution Top Ten BooklistWhy did Charles XII of Sweden fail to conquer Russia in 1708?]]====On July 4, 1776, the Declaration The failed invasion of Russia by Hitler and Napoleon are well known. Less well-known is invasion of Independence was signed Russia by the Continental CongressSwedes under their most famous king, Charles XII. This act Sweden in 1700 was only the first step towards greatest Northern European power and this provoked the creation jealousy of the United Statesits neighbors. The United States then fought a seven year war This led to cement its independence from England. The successful fight for independence has had a remarkable impact on world history over the past 200 years. The United States gradually transformed itself from a former colony into a superpowerGreat Northern War. The impact culmination of this revolution cannot be ignoredwar was the Swedish monarch’s invasion of Russia and his subsequent defeat by Tsar Peter the Great at Poltava (1709). {{Read more|American Revolution Top Ten BooklistWhy did Charles XII of Sweden fail to conquer Russia in 1708?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Plato Academy MAN Napoli Inv124545The_Native_Ground.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[What was PlatoHow have Historians's academy and why did it influence Western thoughtperceptions of Native Americans changed?]]====The AcademyIn 1997, Kerwin Lee Klein, among others, founded by the philosopher Plato observed that a wholesale change had occurred in the early 4th century BCEhow historians portrayed Native American history. Previously, was perhaps one historians and ethnographers had focused on “the tragedy of the earliest institutions of higher learningvanishing Indian. While it was not like a university where people would enroll and obtain advanced degrees”[1] Many Americans, it functioned as one of the first places for dedicated research into scientific and philosophical questions, at least in Europeeven those sympathetic to Native Americans, took place by gathered scholarsargued that Indians ultimately faced extinction. Its main function Even though this argument was to teach Plato's philosophical understandingundermined by the continued survival of Native Americans, but it also challenged its scholars were slow to develop a new understanding reject it. The Native American rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s emphasized the persistence of our universeNative Americans. {{Read more|What was PlatoHow have Historians's academy and why did it influence Western thoughtperceptions of Native Americans changed?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:The_Alien_and_Sedition_Acts_of_1789Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]] ====[[The Alien and Sedition Acts Abraham Lincoln Brigade: the Historiography of 1798: Interview with Terri Halperinthe American soldiers in the Spanish American War]]====The Alien During the Spanish Civil War, approximately 2,800 American men and Sedition Acts of 1798 were four laws that were passed by women answered the call from the predominantly Federalist Congress and signed by John Adams Communist party to strengthen the national security of defend the United StatesSpanish republic from fascist aggression. These acts not only restricted men and women served in the Fifteenth International Brigade and formed the ability of an immigrant to become a citizenAbraham Lincoln, but made it easier to deport nonWashington and MacKenzie-citizens who were either deemed dangerous or were citizens of hostile countriesPapineau Battalions. Perhaps the most contentious aspect These soldiers’ stories have been controversial, because 80 percent of the new laws criminalized the printing or speaking allegedly false statements about the federal government. Not surprisingly, these laws volunteers were incredibly controversial and strongly opposed by Thomas Jefferson's opposition Democratic-Republican partyCommunists. {{Read more|The Alien and Sedition Acts Abraham Lincoln Brigade: the Historiography of 1798: Interview with Terri Halperinthe American soldiers in the Spanish American War}}

[[File:British_Troops_on_V_beachAmerican_Girls_in_Red_Russia.JPGjpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]]====[[Why did the Gallipoli Landings fail American Girls in WWI?Red Russia: Interview with Julia Mickenberg]]====The Gallipoli campaign was an amphibious landing Julia L. Mickenberg's new book American Girls in Russia: Chasing the Soviet Dream published by the Dardanelles Strait in modern Turkey, that sought to knock University of Chicago Press explores the Ottoman Empire out history of WW I. The landings were exceptionally daring the American women who went to Russia looking for the time adventure, freedom, revolution, work and it ultimately failed new life. After they moved to achieve its objectivesRussia they found challenges and hardships. It cost tens Many were disturbed by both the conditions of thousands the country and the treatment of lives and it can be regarded as a total failure for people by the allies and a Turkish victorynew government. {{Read more|Why did the Gallipoli Landings fail American Girls in WWI?Red Russia: Interview with Julia Mickenberg}}

[[File:1906roome_td_yaleGermanHyperChart.pngjpg|150px|thumbnail|left|250px]] ====[[Did Theodore Roosevelt really save FootballWhat Were the Causes of Germany's Hyperinflation of 1921-1923?]]====In 1905, American football faced an crisis. Far to many young men were being killed while playing football Among the defining features of early twentieth century Europe and no one of the contributing factors to World War II, was taking any serious actions to reduce the riskseconomic maelstrom known as “hyperinflation” that ravaged Germany from 1921 until 1923. The headline at Although the top short period is often overlooked in popular histories of the right hand column in ''The Chicago Sunday Tribune'' period, there is no denying the impacts that the process had on November 26Germany, 1905 screamedEurope, "Football Yearand the world. {{Read more|What Were the Causes of Germany's Death Harvest Hyperinflation of 1921- Record Shows That Nineteen Players Have Been Killed; One Hundred Thirty-seven Hurt - Two Are Slain Saturday1923?}}</div> <div class="portal">[[File:32936173946 bc0836c5c5 o.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[When did abortion become legal in the United States?]]====In colonial America, abortion was dealt with in a manner according to English common law. Abortion was typically only frowned upon, or penalized, when it occurred after “quickening,”—when a woman felt fetal movement—because it suggested that the fetus had manifested into its own separate being. Quickening could vary from women to woman, and sometimes as late as four months.{{Read more|When did abortion become legal in the United States?}}</div> <div class="portal">[[File: Ancient_ziggurat.jpg|150px|thumbnail|left]]====[[What Was the Importance of Ziggurats in Ancient Mesopotamia?]]====The people of ancient Mesopotamia practiced a religion that modern scholars are only just now beginning to understand and the physical focal point of their religion were the monumental, triangular structures known as ziggurats. {{Read more|Did Theodore Roosevelt really save FootballWhat Was the Importance of Ziggurats in Ancient Mesopotamia?}}

[[File:grantImmigrants_Ellis.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px200px]]====[[Was the Destruction Perpetrated Working Toward Whiteness by Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil War?David Roediger]]====January 1, 1863 marked a pivotal moment in the American Civil War. On this date David Roediger’s book <i>Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Emancipation Proclamation, the preliminary Suburbs</i> continues his provocative exploration of which was issued whiteness studies by President Lincoln on September 22, 1862, took full examining how southern and permanent effect, thus changing eastern European immigrants became white during the first half of the Union’s ultimate war goaltwentieth century. The Civil War was no longer being fought to preserve the antebellum Union but ratherRoediger argues that “the long, in the words of Lincoln, was to be a war of “subjugation…the [old] South” was to be destroyed in favor of “new propositions and ideascircuitous process by which ‘new immigrants’ became ‘white ethnics’” matters.”{{Read more|Was the Destruction Perpetrated Working Toward Whiteness by Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil War?David Roediger}}

[[File:Stalingrad threeMarco Polo traveling.jpgjpeg|left|thumbnail|left|250px200px]] ====[[Why did Germany lose What Is the Battle History of StalingradIce Cream?]]====Hitler saw the war in terms Ice cream has been a popular treat that many see today as having developed relatively recently, as ice cream usually requires a form of his personal rivalry with Stalin and he decided to attack refrigeration. While the city, because modern form of its symbolic value. Howeverice cream is relatively more recent, the original aim idea of the offensive in Southern Russian was to secure the oil fields in the Caucasus. The oil was essential ice cream has been present for the German war machinemillennia. Hitler knew this – instead of opting Ice treats, which eventually gave us ice cream, were refreshing snacks usually reserved for concentrating all his forces on the conquest elites or those who can obtain ice in times of the oil fields, he made perhaps a fateful mistakewarm or hot weather.{{Read more|Why did Germany lose What Is the Battle History of StalingradIce Cream?}}

[[File:Samuel_Hahnemann_1841Tod des Spartacus by Hermann Vogel.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Centuryimpact of Spartacus' uprising on Rome?]]====Nineteenth-century medicine Spartacus was a Thracian and he had once fought with the Romans. According to Plutarch, he was characterized enslaved by constant competition among three major medical sects: Regulars, Eclectics, and Homeopathsthem after he had deserted.[1] Each of these medical sects not only meaningfully disagreed on how Due to treat illnesses his strength and diseasesmilitary skills he was trained as a gladiator. In 73BC, but sought he plotted to portray their type of practice as the most effective escape from his gladiatorial school, near Capua in southern Italy and scientific. Arguably none of was joined in the three sects was superior conspiracy by up to the others, but their adherents concluded that their sectarian beliefs were better than their competitors100 other gladiators.{{Read more|What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Centuryimpact of Spartacus' uprising on Rome?}}

[[File:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800Hoecke_Croesus_showing_his_treasures.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Thomas Jefferson, How Did Croesus Become the Wealthiest Man in the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam HaselbyAncient World?]]====Recently on TwitterAccording the fifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus, who has often been called the “father of history, a debate broke out between Annette Gordon” the Lydian King Croesus (ruled ca. 560-Reed, Sam Haselby, and John Fea on 540s BC) was the world’s wealthiest king who ruled the nature of Thomas Jefferson's religious beliefsworld’s wealthiest kingdom. Instead of recreating When Salon, the debatelegendary Athenian law giver, it made more sense came to contact one of Lydia see the participantsking’s wealth personally, Sam Haselby, whose recent book ''The Origins Croesus immediately had his servants “take him on a tour of American Religious Nationalism'' (published by Oxford University Press) examines how a conflict with Protestantism, the royal treasuries” in order to “point out the decades following US independence transformed American national identityrichness and magnificence of everything.”{{Read more|Thomas Jefferson, How Did Croesus Become the Wealthiest Man in the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam HaselbyAncient World?}}

[[File:EngineeringvictoryOseberg_ship_-_IMG_9129.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[Engineering Victory during What if the Civil War: Interview with Thomas F. Army, Jr.Vikings Never Invaded England?]]====Logistics win wars. Logistics is the coordination of complex operations such as movingThe Viking, housing or more accurately Danish and supplying troops and their equipment. War is Norsemen, invasions of England in the 9th century CE (865) helped lead to what ultimately would become the ultimate test united country of any logisticianEngland. During the Civil WarBefore 865, the Union troops fought almost the entire war in the South. Thomas F. ArmyEngland was divided into four or sometimes more countries, Jr. argues in his new book Engineering Victory: How Technology Won the Civil War published populated by Johns Hopkins University Press that the Union's engineering prowess during Civil War gave it an distinct advantage over the ConfederacyAngles and Saxons (or Anglo-Saxons).{{Read more|Engineering Victory during What if the Civil War: Interview with Thomas F. Army, Jr.Vikings Never Invaded England?}}

[[File:Shantytown_USA1906roome_td_yale.jpgpng|thumbnail|left|200px250px]]====[[Shantytown, USA: Interview with Lisa GoffDid Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?]]====The Harvard University Press recently published Lisa Goff's new book ShantytownIn 1905, USA: Forgotten Landscapes of the Working Poor. There's a chance that one of your American ancestors lived in football faced an American shantytowncrisis. While we may not realize it now, shantytowns Far to many young men were a common feature being killed while playing football and no one was taking any serious actions to reduce the risks. The headline at the top of 19th century America. Goffthe right hand column in ''The Chicago Sunday Tribune''s book explores not only how shantytowns became a prominent feature of Americaon November 26, 1905 screamed, "Football Year's towns and cities, but why middle class Americans eventually turned on them and their residentsDeath Harvest - Record Shows That Nineteen Players Have Been Killed; One Hundred Thirty-seven Hurt - Two Are Slain Saturday. "{{Read more|Shantytown, USA: Interview with Lisa GoffDid Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?}}

[[File:portraitbowiePrivateering.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]]====[[The Mysterious Illness Privateering during the War of Jim Bowie1812: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?Interview with Faye M. Kert]]====Directly or indirectlyDuring the War 1812, Jim Bowie’s enigmatic illness resulted from his own actionsUS and Canadian privateers fought most of the naval battles between the United States and Great Britain. A hearty man These privateers were comprised of six feet in height, Bowie was a walking contradiction; a slave trader captains who fought were motivated by the promise of profit to fight for freedom, their countries. There was a generous strong legal framework in both the United States and congenial man who called out his thunderous temper on a whim, Great Britain that normalized piracy. Canadian and American ship owners and investors took advantage of it and a commanding leader who was prone funded privateering outfits during the war. Needless to binges of sloppy drunkennesssay, privateers were incredibly risky investments.{{Read more|The Mysterious Illness Privateering during the War of Jim Bowie1812: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?Interview with Faye M. Kert}}

[[File:Young_boxers_fresco,_Akrotiri,_GreeceCayleff.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]]====[[How did modern boxing emerge?Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. Cayleff]]====Boxing is one of At the oldest sports known to us. From very early historical records, to its professional development in end of the last century19th Century, a new system called naturopathy was created by Benedict and modern prizefightsLouisa Stroebel Lust. Unlike many of the 19th Century medical systems created, the sport naturopathy has become a global phenomenon watched by millionspersevered to this day. Although modern boxing has a lot Naturopathic healing was founded and based on number of similarities with its ancient cousininfluences including botanics, the mix with televisionhydrotherapy, big moneyeclecticism, temperance and big personalities has forever changed the sportvegetarianism.{{Read more|How did modern boxing emerge?Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. Cayleff}}

[[File:AlexanderTheGreat_BustBritish_Lancers.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|220px200px]]====[[Alexander Why did the Great Top Ten BooklistBattle of the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectives?]]====Creating The Battle of the Somme or the Somme Offensive was a top ten list for books series of battles that occurred during the Summer and Autumn of 1916. It involved British and French forces launching a massive assault on the German lines in an effort to break the stalemate on Alexander the Great is not easy, since few ancient historical figures have been written about as muchWestern Front. Everything from his complex personality The Battle was primarily a battle between the Germans and his sexual life to his military the British. The offensive achieved very little and logistical tactics have been analyzed by historiansboth sides suffered heavy casualties. Alexander, simply put, stands out as unique among ancient historical figures for having so much detailed assessment made on his life The British only advanced a few miles and timesthe German lines held. The stalemate was not broken by the offensive. {{Read more|Alexander Why did the Battle of the Great Top Ten BooklistSomme largely fail to achieve its objectives?}}

[[File:grantFrench_soldiers.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|250px200px]]====[[Was the Destruction Perpetrated by Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil Origins of World War?One - Top Ten Booklist]]====January 1, 1863 marked a pivotal moment in the American Civil The First World Warwas an incredibly destructive and wide ranging catastrophe. On this date Not only did it dramatically change the Emancipation Proclamation, map of Europe and the preliminary world and it led to further instability. The First World War was one of which was issued by President Lincoln on September 22, 1862, took full and permanent effect, thus changing the Union’s ultimate war goalmost important wars in human history. Once There has long been a debate about the aim exact cause of the war changed for the Union, so too did its leadersFirst World War. The harsh and unpopular actions that were necessary to prevent assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand triggered the prolonged bloody carnage of continual war but its ultimate causes were tasked to three men: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and William T. Shermanfar more complex. {{Read more|Was the Destruction Perpetrated by Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil Origins of World War?One - Top Ten Booklist}}

[[File:Eriduiraq4000bcQueen_Anne's_Lace_(25468119510).jpegjpg|thumbnail|left|thumb200px]]====[[What was used for birth control in medieval Europe?]]====Birth is a universal experience for humanity and therefore, so is conception. This makes the issue of contraception one which stretched back into antiquity. While this topic is frequently in modern news, the historic practices of contraception and the specific methods utilized are rarely touched upon. {{Read more|What was used for birth control in medieval Europe?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:GW-painting.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px]]====[[What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution?]]====The Second Continental Congress voted unanimously to put George Washington in charge of the Continental Army in 1775. Washington was only 43 years old at the time, a gentleman planter and local Virginian politician. {{Read more|What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:512px-Filip II Macedonia.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[How did Phillip II of Macedon change Ancient Greek history?]]====Alexander the Great is one of the most famous men in history. However, it is generally recognized that Alexander’s achievements would have been impossible without his father, Philip II of Macedon, who reigned from 359 to 336 B.C. He is not as well-known as his son but he laid the foundations for the great Empire of Alexander.{{Read more|How did Phillip II of Macedon change Ancient Greek history?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Egyptian kitchen Berlin 1.jpg|thumbnail|left|220px]]=====[[How did kitchens develop?]]=====Few places in a home are as important or symbolic for our social bonds than the kitchen. In almost every culture, the kitchen serves not only as the place where food is prepared, but serves as a social hub for families and friends. Humans develop deep social bonds with family and friends in their kitchen. The kitchen does not simply provide for our daily nutrition but also helps to reinforce our social character. Whether humans are cooking around a fire or chopping vegetables on a granite counter-top, they are also interacting with one another. {{Read more|How did kitchens develop?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Christiaan_Barnard_(1968).jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[When did the First Heart Transplant take place?]]====When Christiaan Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967, it was initially seen as remarkable scientific achievement, but overtime both the medical community and the general public were forced to re-evaluate heart transplants. The medical community quickly realized that the first transplants were little more than dangerous and unpredictable experiments.{{Read more|When did the First Heart Transplant take place?}}</div>

<div class="portal" >[[File:Keller.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What Factors Led Why Did Helen Keller Become a Socialist?]]====Helen Keller (1880–1967) is best known for her triumph over blindness, deafness, and muteness. Rescued from the isolation of her afflictions as a young girl by the Perkins Institute for the Blind teacher Anne Sullivan, Keller learned to understand a basic form of sign language and learned to “feel” and imitate the Creation sound of the human voice. {{Read more|Why Did Helen Keller Become a Socialist?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[When was Mesothelioma First CitiesDiagnosed?]]====The rise history of cities in Mesothelioma is complicated. Medicine struggled to establish its existence and understand what caused it. Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that forms on the ancient Near East during "tissues that cover the fourth millennium BC (4000-3000 BC) lungs and abdomen." Mesothelioma is a key event typically tied to the exposure of people to asbestos in either their environment or workplace.{{Read more|When was Mesothelioma First Diagnosed?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Rabbbi's_Atheist_.jpeg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter: Interview with Bonnie S. Anderson]]====History is fickle. During the history 19th Century, Ernestine Rose was one of the worldmost important and famous international advocates for feminism, free thought and anti-slavery. She worked closely with renowned figures in this movement such as urban patterns that first arose there became patterns inherited in many societies, including in the WestSusan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Cities in the ancient Near East were the first Despite her contributions to develop major templesfeminism, palacesatheism, large urban dwelling areasand anti-slavery, city walls, governments, and religious authorities that become features seen in later citiessince her death she has slowly been erased from history. {{Read more|What Factors Led The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter: Interview with Bonnie S. Anderson}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Skythian_archer_plate_BM_E135_by_Epiktetos.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[When did Men Start Wearing Pants?]]====Why did humans start wearing pants? To answer this question it’s important to understand two things - first, what were the Creation earliest forms of clothing and how did they evolve into pants and secondly, why did a need for pants develop? It is also helpful to define what is meant by pants - specifically a bifurcated garment for the bottom half of the body which covers from waist to the lower leg. It is also helpful to define what is meant by pants - specifically a bifurcated garment for the bottom half of the body which covers from waist to the First Citieslower leg. {{Read more|When did Men Start Wearing Pants?}}

[[File:French Prisoners 1940Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit for my series headline photo.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|200px]]

====[[Why was France defeated in 1940What Mistakes did the Allies make during Operation Overlord on D-Day?]]====In September 1939June 6, 1944 was arguably the Nazi War Machine invaded Poland and most pivotal day of World War II began. France Operation Overlord was set to be launched and its Britain declared against Nazi Germany in 1939. The French army if successful, was to open a second front in theory Europe so as strong as the Germanys and it had a vast Empire and a sophisticated arms industryto attack Germany from all sides. It Stalin’s Soviet Army had also established a series of fortifications been battling the German Army since late 1942 in the east of the countryStalingrad, Leningrad, known as the Maginot Line. The Line was designed to keep German forces out of Franceand Moscow. {{Read more|Why What Mistakes did the United States and Soviet Union Reach Detente During the Cold WarAllies make during Operation Overlord on D-Day?}}

====[[Book Review: "The Assassin's Accomplice."]]====[[File:Hodges_scoutAssassins_accomplice.jpg|left|thumb|150px]]Kate Clifford Larson's book The Assassin’s Accomplice: Mary Surratt and the Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln is a well-researched narrative exploring the prosecution of Mary Surratt. The Assassin’s Accomplice details the events that revolved around Mrs. Surratt in the days and weeks leading up to the assassination of President Lincoln.{{Read more|Book Review: "The Assassin's Accomplice."}}</div> <div class="portal">====[[How Did Black Pepper Spread in Popularity?]]====[[File:Black pepper (By R.Boroujerdi).jpeg|left|thumb|200px205px]]Visiting a restaurant in the Western world or even a home often means finding salt and black pepper as common condiments on the table used to give taste to our dishes. Salt has been native to many regions and is commonly found; however, black pepper was a far more limited plant (Piper nigrum) that natively grew in South and Southeast Asia.{{Read more|How Did Black Pepper Spread in Popularity?}}</div>

<div class="portal" >[[File:Almost_a_Miracle.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[American Revolution Top Ten Booklist]]====On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the Continental Congress. This act was only the first step towards the creation of the United States. The impact of this revolution cannot be ignored. {{Read more|American Revolution Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Pinkertons.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[Hodges' ScoutInventing the Pinkertons: Interview with Len TraversPaul O'Hara]]====Johns Hopkins University Press has recently published Len TraverIn 1850, Allan Pinkerton founded a detective agency that would grow into the Pinkerton's new book HodgesNational Detective Agency. Pinkerton' Scout: A Lost Patrol of s agency is easily the French most famous and Indian Warinfamous security guard and detective agency in United States history. Travers' book examines a group of colonial scouts who were ambushed on a patrol in upstate New York by French and Native American soldiers during Pinkerton originally created the French agency to help railroad companies investigate their employees and Indian Warcatch train robbers. Travers uses this massacre to explore But over time, the lives of Pinkertons developed an intimate relationship with the colonists who fought, died federal government and even survived this massacreas these partnerships grew the Pinkertons' role increased dramatically.{{Read more| Hodges' ScoutInventing the Pinkertons: Interview with Len TraversPaul O'Hara}}

[[File:American_Colossus652px-First_Oil_Well.jpegjpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|300px200px]]====[[How did Edwin Drake create the World's first oil well?]]====Even though there was no one "first discover" of oil. Oil was known in antiquity when it was used to heal wounds. But by the middle of the 19th century methods for collecting oil from the ground had not changed for thousands of years. Edwin Drake's oil fundamentally changed this process and dramatically increased oil production around the world. {{Read more|How did Edwin Drake create the World's first oil well?}}</div>

[[File:American_Colossus.jpeg|left|thumb|125px]]Creating a Top Ten List for the Gilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this period. These books are a selection of our favorites. Creating a Top Ten List for the Gilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this period. These books are a selection of our favorites. Most of these books are focused on trying to define this era as whole, instead of focusing on a single issue. In other words, several of these books are seeking to create a grand narrative of the era to help their readers understand it. {{Read more|Gilded Age/Progressive Era History Top Ten Booklist}}

[[File:BattleCryFreedomCongress_of_Vienna_1815.jpegjpg|thumbnail|left|250px]]====[[Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?]]====The Congress of Vienna was a gathering of representatives of European kingdoms that was presided over by the Austrian Chancellor Klemens Von Metternich. The Congress was held in Vienna from 1814 to 1815. The goals of the Congress were to secure peace and stability in Europe and to ensure that revolutions did not destabilize the Continent. {{Read more|Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Tissot Solomon Dedicates the Temple at Jerusalem.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[History of God Top Ten Booklist]]====The concept of God and his historical development is an extraordinarily complex topic and it is not easily addressed in ten books. These books seek attempt to explain a complex story on how the concept of God developed in different cultures, places, and across time. The history of the idea of God is long and has its roots from prehistoric to early historic periods in the ancient Near East. Later cultures developed concepts that derive from ancient Iran, Greece, Egypt, and perhaps other regions.{{Read more|History of God Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:William-wallace-monument-1256291 1280.jpeg|thumbthumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How historically accurate is Braveheart?]]====Braveheart was a popular movie released in 1995 that won 5 Oscars and featured Mel Gibson as William Wallace. Wallace was a Scottish knight who became a hero in the Scottish rebellions against the English in the late 13th and early 14th century. The movie helped to inspire Scottish national pride while also, to some, represent an early, Medieval warrior who fought for freedom for himself and his people. While much of the story depicted did occur, including the English occupation of Scotland during the time of Edward I, king of England, the depiction of the revolt against the English and other events do not correspond well to historical accounts.{{Read more|How historically accurate is Braveheart?}}</div>

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File: Drysocks.JPG |thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[The Best Historians and Books According What Was the Importance of Bill Mauldin to James McPhersonWWII Infantrymen?]]====In 2014Bill Mauldin once said that the infantryman “gives more and gets less than anybody else.” He knew this from his experience on the front lines with K Company, 180th Infantry Regiment, of the New York Times published a brief interview 45th Division. Mauldin went through basic training as an infantryman and stayed with noted Civil War historian James McPherson, his regiment throughout the invasion of Sicily and the Allied campaign up the boot of Italy. The talented cartoonist succeeded in ruffling the feathers of the “brass” all the way up to General George Henry Davis 1886 Professor Patton.{{Read more|What Was the Importance of American History at Princeton UniversityBill Mauldin to WWII Infantrymen?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Florence_Cathedral. McPherson is considered to be jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why did the dean Italian Renaissance End?]]====The Italian Renaissance was one of Civil War historiansthe most exciting periods in human civilisation. He is best known for his Pulitzer Prize winning book Battle Cry It witnessed a great flourishing of Freedom which is the best overview arts, literature, philosophy, architecture and politics. Many of the Civil Wargreatest figures in World Civilisation appeared during the Renaissance in Italy, including Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Machiavelli and Raphael.{{Read more|The Best Historians and Books According to James McPhersonWhy did the Italian Renaissance End?}}

[[File:Angels_of_the_Underground_Gettysburg.jpeg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Civil War Battles Top Ten Booklist]]====A DailyHistory.org top ten booklist focusing on best book on the battles of the American Civil War. The books on this list explore the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, Chancellorsville, and many others. Take a look at our list. {{Read more|Civil War Battles Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Stalingrad three.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|200px250px]]

====[[Angels Why did Germany lose the Battle of the Underground: Interview with Theresa KaminskiStalingrad?]]====The Oxford University Press recently published Theresa Kaminski's Angels Hitler saw the war in terms of his personal rivalry with Stalin and he decided to attack the city, because of its symbolic value. However, the Underground: The American Women who Resisted original aim of the Japanese offensive in Southern Russian was to secure the Philippines oil fields in World War IIthe Caucasus. The oil was essential for the German war machine. Kaminski's book follows Hitler knew this – instead of opting for concentrating all his forces on the lives conquest of four American women who were stranded in the Philippines after Japan invaded during World War II. Publishers Weekly described her book as oil fields, he made perhaps a "fast-paced true story" that documents how these women resisted Japanese occupationfateful mistake. {{Read more| Angels Why did Germany lose the Battle of the Underground: Interview with Theresa KaminskiStalingrad?}}

<div class="portal"style="font-size:90%">[[File:portraitbowie.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[The Mysterious Illness of Jim Bowie: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?]]====Directly or indirectly, Jim Bowie’s enigmatic illness resulted from his own actions. A hearty man of six feet in height, Bowie was a walking contradiction; a slave trader who fought for freedom, a generous and congenial man who called out his thunderous temper on a whim, and a commanding leader who was prone to binges of sloppy drunkenness.{{Read more|The Mysterious Illness of Jim Bowie: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====History of Religion===={{#dpl:category=Religious History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Ancient Greek History===={{#dpl:category=Ancient Greek History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====American Civil War===={{#dpl:category=Civil War|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====19th Century History===={{#dpl:category=19th Century History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Renaissance History===={{#dpl:category=Renaissance History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====History of Early US Republic====*[[Thomas Jefferson, the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam Haselby]]*[[The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Interview with Terri Halperin]]*[[Fate of the Revolution: Interview with Lorri Glover]]*[[American Revolution Top Ten Booklist]]*[[What was George Washington's military experience before the American Revolution?]]*[[Hodges' Scout: Interview with Len Travers]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Sports History====*[[Did Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?]]*[[How did modern boxing emerge?]]*[[How did the game of golf emerge?]]*[[How did the marathon emerge?]]*[[How did the modern tennis emerge?]]*[[Who integrated the NBA?]]*[[How did hunting become a symbol of the aristocracy/royalty]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Legal History====*[[American Legal History Top Ten Booklist]]*[[American Surveillance: Interview with Anthony Gregory]]*[[How did the Sharia Law develop?]]*[[How has the Roman Lex Mercatoria evolved to play a role in modern International Trade and Commerce Codification?]]*[[How does The Magna Carta influence the Modern Perceptions of Civil Rights?]]*[[How has ancient Rome influenced European law?]]</div>

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====World War I==Articles==Here are some of our most recently created and edited articles.{{#dpl:category=WikisWorld War One History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}

<div class="portal"style="font-size:90%"> ====European Interwar Political History====*[[How did Vladimir Lenin Rise To Power?]]*[[How Joseph Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union]]*[[How did Mussolini become Prime Minister of Italy?]]*[[Primed for Violence in Interwar Poland: Interview with Paul Brykczynski]]*[[The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact- Stalin’s greatest mistake?]]*[[The Nazi triumph: how did Adolf Hitler become the Fuehrer of Germany?]]*[[Why did the the Weimar Republic Collapse?]]</div>

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====World War Two==Interviews==These are our interviews with historians discussing their new books.{{#dpl:category=InterviewsWorld War Two History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=78}}

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====British History===={{#dpl:category=British History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div><div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">

==Booklists==Includes our most recent Expert and User created Top Ten Roman History Booklists.===={{#dpl:category=BooklistsRoman History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=158}}

<div class="portal"style="font-size:90%"> ====Interviews===={{#dpl:category=Interviews|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div>

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Great History Sites==Blog Roll==

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">

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