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__NOTOC__ <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Alexander the Great Top Ten Booklist]]====Creating a top ten list for books on Alexander the Great is not easy, since few ancient historical figures have been written about as much. Everything from his complex personality and his sexual life to his military and logistical tactics have been analyzed by historians. Alexander, simply put, stands out as unique among ancient historical figures for having so much detailed assessment made on his life and times.{{Mediawiki:kindleoasisRead more|Alexander the Great Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:PrivateeringA_Midwife's_Tale.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]] ====[[Privateering during Gender in Early America Top Ten Booklist]]====Most of us are familiar with a narrative of colonial America that focuses on the War actions of our "Founding Fathers." But what of our "Founding Mothers"? This booklist compiles ten works that explore gender in colonial North America and provide an important lens through which we can view some of 1812the formative events in our shared history. {{Read more|Gender in Early America Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File: Interview with Faye MLighthouse. Kertjpg|150px|thumbnail|left]]====[[How Was the Lighthouse of Alexandria Destroyed?]]====During Of all the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, only the Great Pyramids of Giza in Egypt still remain. War 1812, US neglect, and natural disasters have wiped them from the face of the earth with only descriptions left by ancient historians and Canadian privateers fought geographers, or perhaps an occasional coin or painting, as tokens of their greatness. {{Read more|How Was the Lighthouse of Alexandria Destroyed?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:William_Ellis.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px]]====[[Best Gifts for History Lovers]]====It can sometimes be difficult to find the right gift for your history loving friend or spouse. Hopefully, we can help. This is our 2017 list of great gifts for history lovers. If in doubt, get a book. History lovers adore books. Some our recommendations are less academic then some of the books that appear on our other booklists, but they do represent outstanding recent books that most history lovers should enjoy. {{Read more|Best Gifts for History Lovers}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Spartacus - 1960 - poster.png|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How accurate is Stanley Kubrick's 'Spartacus'?]]====The historical epic Spartacus (1960) is one of the best-known movies in cinema history. It caused a sensation on its release and was one of the naval battles between most successful pictures of the United States 1960s. The movie was not only a commercial success it was a critical success and Great Britainit received several Academy Awards. Spartacus was directed by the cinematic genius Stanley Kubrick. {{Read more|How accurate is Stanley Kubrick's 'Spartacus'?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Last_Kingdom_2. These privateers were comprised jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How Historically Accurate is Season 2 of captains who were motivated Last Kingdom?]]====Season 2 is divided into two novels from the Saxon Tales series written by Bernard Cornwell, namely books 3 and 4 (Season 1 was books 1-2). The novels span roughly between 878-886 (Figure 1). The main focus for Season 2 in the promise first four episodes is Uhtred's quest to go north from Wessex into Northumbria, a less tamed area of profit to fight for England that is ruled more by Danes but their countrieshold is somewhat less clear. There was a strong legal framework Uhtred seeks his ancestral home in both Bebbanburg (Bamburgh Castle) and also wants revenge against Kjartan, who killed is adopted Danish father. {{Read more|How Historically Accurate is Season 2 of Last Kingdom?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Confederate_monument_Elmira_NY.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[Why are there so many Monuments to the Confederacy across the United States?]]====As one travels across the southern United States , it is not unusual to find monuments and Great Britain that normalized piracymemorials to the Confederate dead in many small towns. Canadian In fact, these sculptural pieces, often composed of the same statues and American ship owners and investors took advantage plinths from the Monumental Bronze Co. of it Bridgeport, Conn., can be found as far north as Pennsylvania and funded privateering outfits during the warNew York. Needless to sayA study in 2016 found some 1, privateers were incredibly risky investments500 monuments still standing. While in recent years these monuments have become a new source of political conversation their very erection was a movement by Confederate women.{{Read more|Privateering during Why are there so many Monuments to the Confederacy across the War of 1812: Interview with Faye M. KertUnited States?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Cayleff16307509620 d1ab80ba6b.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. CayleffWhat was lynching?]]====At Lynching is often described as a form of extralegal, vigilante violence or justice; however, its meaning has evolved over time—from the very end tarring and feathering of individuals in the Colonial period to the lethal, racial violence that proliferated in the 19th CenturySouth. According to Digital History, "Lynching received its name from Judge Charles Lynch, a new system called naturopathy was created by Benedict Virginia farmer who punished outlaws and Louisa Stroebel LustTories with "rough" justice during the American Revolution. Unlike many " The United States has a long history of vigilance committees whose purposes were to protect the 19th Century medical systems createdcommunity. According to Linda Gordon, naturopathy has persevered to this day. Naturopathic healing was founded “vigilantism generally means bypassing the legal procedures of the state and based on number of influences including botanics, hydrotherapy, eclecticismsubstituting direct, temperance usually punitive and vegetarianismcoercive action by self-appointed groups of citizens". {{Read more|Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. CayleffWhat was lynching?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:British_LancersTomb_of_Nakht.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|300px]]====[[Why did What Was the Battle Importance of the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectivesAlcohol Consumption in Ancient Egypt?]]====The Battle of the Somme or the Somme Offensive There is a common misconception today that life in ancient Egypt was a series of battles that occurred during dreary one for anyone not in the Summer and Autumn of 1916nobility. It involved British and French forces launching a massive assault on the German lines This image is probably at least partially derived from pop culture where scenes are common in an effort movies that depict Egyptian peasants being worked to break the stalemate on the Western Frontdeath to make tombs and temples for their gods and kings. The Battle reality is that although the ancient Egyptian social system was primarily a battle between quite different from that of the Germans modern world, and the British. The offensive achieved very little and both sides suffered heavy casualties. The British only advanced they had few of today’s modern conveniences, Egyptians from all social classes enjoyed a few miles and the German lines held. The stalemate leisure culture that was not broken by the offensivemuch different than today’s. {{Read more|Why did What Was the Battle Importance of the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectivesAlcohol Consumption in Ancient Egypt?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:French_soldiersL'aquarium; vue intérieure.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|300px]]====[[Origins of World War One - Top Ten BooklistHow Did Public Aquariums Develop?]]====The First World War was an incredibly destructive and wide ranging catastropheLarge public aquariums have become fixtures in most major urban regions. Not only did it dramatically change the map of Europe and In some places, they have become among the world leading attractions for city tourism, where many aquariums have also expanded into conservation efforts and it led to further instabilityapplied research along with being tourist destinations. The First World War was one history of such aquariums is not completely modern, although the most important wars form in human history. There has long been which we know aquariums today is mostly a debate about the exact cause of the First World War. The assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand triggered the war but its ultimate causes were far more complexrecent development. {{Read more|Origins of World War One - Top Ten BooklistHow Did Public Aquariums Develop?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:VDC_book_coverKarl XII i Ystad 1715, målning av Johan Heinrich Wedekindt från 1719.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Fate Why did Charles XII of the Revolution: Interview with Lorri GloverSweden fail to conquer Russia in 1708?]]====Starting in 1787, states began to ratify the newly drafted federal Constitution which would determine the fate The failed invasion of Russia by Hitler and Napoleon are well known. Less well-known is invasion of Russia by the new American RepublicSwedes under their most famous king, Charles XII. In order for the Constitution to go Sweden in effect, nine of 1700 was the states needed to agree to greatest Northern European power and this provoked the documentjealousy of its neighbors. While five states quickly ratified the Constitution between December 1787 and January 1788, This led to the country's eyes stayed on VirginiaGreat Northern War. Virginia The culmination of this war was the most populated and largest state Swedish monarch’s invasion of Russia and it was critical for the state to ratify the Constitution to legitimize his subsequent defeat by Tsar Peter the processGreat at Poltava (1709). {{Read more|Fate Why did Charles XII of the Revolution: Interview with Lorri GloverSweden fail to conquer Russia in 1708?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Px-Epikouros BM 1843The_Native_Ground.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]]====[[Why was Epicurus and his philosophy so importantHow have Historians' perceptions of Native Americans changed?]]====Epicurus is often associated as one In 1997, Kerwin Lee Klein, among others, observed that a wholesale change had occurred in how historians portrayed Native American history. Previously, historians and ethnographers had focused on “the tragedy of the Greek philosophers more interested in pleasure or its pursuit than other idealsvanishing Indian. While at times this led ”[1] Many Americans, even those sympathetic to a negative view of his philosophyNative Americans, argued that Indians ultimately faced extinction. Even though this argument was undermined by the reality is his thinking was very advanced and developedcontinued survival of Native Americans, leading scholars were slow to his ideas becoming highly influential in modern thought in many regions reject it. The Native American rights movement of the world today. He was one 1960s and 1970s emphasized the persistence of the first Greek philosophers to develop a strong tradition that avoid superstition as a core idealNative Americans.{{Read more|Why was Epicurus and his philosophy so importantHow have Historians' perceptions of Native Americans changed?}}

 <div class="portal" style="widthfont-size:8590%;">[[File:Almost_a_MiracleAbraham_Lincoln_Brigade.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|200px]] ====[[The Abraham Lincoln Brigade: the Historiography of the American soldiers in the Spanish American Revolution Top Ten BooklistWar]]====On July 4During the Spanish Civil War, 1776approximately 2, 800 American men and women answered the Declaration of Independence was signed by call from the Continental Congress. This act was only the first step towards the creation of Communist party to defend the United States. The United States then fought a seven year war to cement its independence Spanish republic from Englandfascist aggression. The successful fight for independence has had a remarkable impact on world history over These men and women served in the Fifteenth International Brigade and formed the past 200 yearsAbraham Lincoln, Washington and MacKenzie-Papineau Battalions. The United States gradually transformed itself from a former colony into a superpower. The impact These soldiers’ stories have been controversial, because 80 percent of this revolution cannot be ignoredthese volunteers were Communists. {{Read more|The Abraham Lincoln Brigade: the Historiography of the American soldiers in the Spanish American Revolution Top Ten BooklistWar}}

 <div class="portal" style="width:85%;">[[File:Plato Academy MAN Napoli Inv124545American_Girls_in_Red_Russia.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]]====[[What was Plato's academy and why did it influence Western thought?American Girls in Red Russia: Interview with Julia Mickenberg]]====The Academy, founded Julia L. Mickenberg's new book American Girls in Russia: Chasing the Soviet Dream published by the philosopher Plato in University of Chicago Press explores the early 4th century BCE, was perhaps one history of the earliest institutions of higher learningAmerican women who went to Russia looking for adventure, freedom, revolution, work and new life. While it was not like a university where people would enroll After they moved to Russia they found challenges and obtain advanced degrees, it functioned as one hardships. Many were disturbed by both the conditions of the first places for dedicated research into scientific country and philosophical questions, at least in Europe, took place the treatment of people by gathered scholars. Its main function was to teach Plato's philosophical understanding, but it also challenged its scholars to develop a the new understanding of our universegovernment. {{Read more|What was Plato's academy and why did it influence Western thought?American Girls in Red Russia: Interview with Julia Mickenberg}}

 <div class="portal" style="width:85%;">[[File:The_Alien_and_Sedition_Acts_of_1789GermanHyperChart.jpg|150px|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[The Alien and Sedition Acts What Were the Causes of Germany's Hyperinflation of 1798: Interview with Terri Halperin1921-1923?]]====The Alien and Sedition Acts Among the defining features of 1798 were four laws that were passed by the predominantly Federalist Congress early twentieth century Europe and signed by John Adams to strengthen the national security one of the United States. These acts not only restricted the ability of an immigrant contributing factors to become a citizenWorld War II, but made it easier to deport non-citizens who were either deemed dangerous or were citizens of hostile countrieswas the economic maelstrom known as “hyperinflation” that ravaged Germany from 1921 until 1923. Perhaps Although the most contentious aspect short period is often overlooked in popular histories of the new laws criminalized period, there is no denying the printing or speaking allegedly false statements about impacts that the federal government. Not surprisinglyprocess had on Germany, Europe, these laws were incredibly controversial and strongly opposed by Thomas Jefferson's opposition Democratic-Republican partythe world.{{Read more|The Alien and Sedition Acts What Were the Causes of Germany's Hyperinflation of 1798: Interview with Terri Halperin1921-1923?}}

[[File:British_Troops_on_V_beach32936173946 bc0836c5c5 o.JPGjpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[Why When did abortion become legal in the Gallipoli Landings fail in WWIUnited States?]]====The Gallipoli campaign In colonial America, abortion was an amphibious landing dealt with in the Dardanelles Strait in modern Turkeya manner according to English common law. Abortion was typically only frowned upon, or penalized, when it occurred after “quickening, ”—when a woman felt fetal movement—because it suggested that sought to knock the Ottoman Empire out of WW Ifetus had manifested into its own separate being. The landings were exceptionally daring for the time and it ultimately failed Quickening could vary from women to achieve its objectives. It cost tens of thousands of lives woman, and it can be regarded sometimes as late as a total failure for the allies and a Turkish victoryfour months.{{Read more|Why When did abortion become legal in the Gallipoli Landings fail in WWIUnited States?}}

[[File:1906roome_td_yaleAncient_ziggurat.pngjpg|150px|thumbnail|left|250px]]====[[Did Theodore Roosevelt really save FootballWhat Was the Importance of Ziggurats in Ancient Mesopotamia?]]====In 1905, American football faced an crisis. Far The people of ancient Mesopotamia practiced a religion that modern scholars are only just now beginning to many young men were being killed while playing football understand and no one was taking any serious actions to reduce the risks. The headline at the top physical focal point of their religion were the right hand column in ''The Chicago Sunday Tribune'' on November 26monumental, 1905 screamed, "Football Year's Death Harvest - Record Shows That Nineteen Players Have Been Killed; One Hundred Thirty-seven Hurt - Two Are Slain Saturdaytriangular structures known as ziggurats."{{Read more|Did Theodore Roosevelt really save FootballWhat Was the Importance of Ziggurats in Ancient Mesopotamia?}}

[[File:grantImmigrants_Ellis.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px200px]]====[[Was the Destruction Perpetrated Working Toward Whiteness by Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil War?David Roediger]]====January 1, 1863 marked a pivotal moment in the American Civil War. On this date David Roediger’s book <i>Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Emancipation Proclamation, the preliminary Suburbs</i> continues his provocative exploration of which was issued whiteness studies by President Lincoln on September 22, 1862, took full examining how southern and permanent effect, thus changing eastern European immigrants became white during the first half of the Union’s ultimate war goaltwentieth century. The Civil War was no longer being fought to preserve the antebellum Union but ratherRoediger argues that “the long, in the words of Lincoln, was to be a war of “subjugation…the [old] South” was to be destroyed in favor of “new propositions and ideascircuitous process by which ‘new immigrants’ became ‘white ethnics’” matters.”{{Read more|Was the Destruction Perpetrated Working Toward Whiteness by Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil War?David Roediger}}

[[File:Stalingrad threeMarco Polo traveling.jpgjpeg|left|thumbnail|left|250px200px]] ====[[Why did Germany lose What Is the Battle History of StalingradIce Cream?]]====Hitler saw the war in terms Ice cream has been a popular treat that many see today as having developed relatively recently, as ice cream usually requires a form of his personal rivalry with Stalin and he decided to attack refrigeration. While the city, because modern form of its symbolic value. Howeverice cream is relatively more recent, the original aim idea of the offensive in Southern Russian was to secure the oil fields in the Caucasus. The oil was essential ice cream has been present for the German war machinemillennia. Hitler knew this – instead of opting Ice treats, which eventually gave us ice cream, were refreshing snacks usually reserved for concentrating all his forces on the conquest elites or those who can obtain ice in times of the oil fields, he made perhaps a fateful mistakewarm or hot weather.{{Read more|Why did Germany lose What Is the Battle History of StalingradIce Cream?}}

[[File:Samuel_Hahnemann_1841Tod des Spartacus by Hermann Vogel.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Centuryimpact of Spartacus' uprising on Rome?]]====Nineteenth-century medicine Spartacus was a Thracian and he had once fought with the Romans. According to Plutarch, he was characterized enslaved by constant competition among three major medical sects: Regulars, Eclectics, and Homeopathsthem after he had deserted.[1] Each of these medical sects not only meaningfully disagreed on how Due to treat illnesses his strength and diseasesmilitary skills he was trained as a gladiator. In 73BC, but sought he plotted to portray their type of practice as the most effective escape from his gladiatorial school, near Capua in southern Italy and scientific. Arguably none of was joined in the three sects was superior conspiracy by up to the others, but their adherents concluded that their sectarian beliefs were better than their competitors100 other gladiators.{{Read more|What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Centuryimpact of Spartacus' uprising on Rome?}}

[[File:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800Hoecke_Croesus_showing_his_treasures.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Thomas Jefferson, How Did Croesus Become the Wealthiest Man in the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam HaselbyAncient World?]]====Recently on TwitterAccording the fifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus, who has often been called the “father of history, a debate broke out between Annette Gordon” the Lydian King Croesus (ruled ca. 560-Reed, Sam Haselby, and John Fea on 540s BC) was the world’s wealthiest king who ruled the nature of Thomas Jefferson's religious beliefsworld’s wealthiest kingdom. Instead of recreating When Salon, the debatelegendary Athenian law giver, it made more sense came to contact one of Lydia see the participantsking’s wealth personally, Sam Haselby, whose recent book ''The Origins Croesus immediately had his servants “take him on a tour of American Religious Nationalism'' (published by Oxford University Press) examines how a conflict with Protestantism, the royal treasuries” in order to “point out the decades following US independence transformed American national identityrichness and magnificence of everything.”{{Read more|Thomas Jefferson, How Did Croesus Become the Wealthiest Man in the Founding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Sam HaselbyAncient World?}}

[[File:EngineeringvictoryOseberg_ship_-_IMG_9129.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[Engineering Victory during What if the Civil War: Interview with Thomas F. Army, Jr.Vikings Never Invaded England?]]====Logistics win wars. Logistics is the coordination of complex operations such as movingThe Viking, housing or more accurately Danish and supplying troops and their equipment. War is Norsemen, invasions of England in the 9th century CE (865) helped lead to what ultimately would become the ultimate test united country of any logisticianEngland. During the Civil WarBefore 865, the Union troops fought almost the entire war in the South. Thomas F. ArmyEngland was divided into four or sometimes more countries, Jr. argues in his new book Engineering Victory: How Technology Won the Civil War published populated by Johns Hopkins University Press that the Union's engineering prowess during Civil War gave it an distinct advantage over the ConfederacyAngles and Saxons (or Anglo-Saxons).{{Read more|Engineering Victory during What if the Civil War: Interview with Thomas F. Army, Jr.Vikings Never Invaded England?}}

[[File:Shantytown_USA1906roome_td_yale.jpgpng|thumbnail|left|200px250px]]====[[Shantytown, USA: Interview with Lisa GoffDid Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?]]====The Harvard University Press recently published Lisa Goff's new book ShantytownIn 1905, USA: Forgotten Landscapes of the Working Poor. There's a chance that one of your American ancestors lived in football faced an American shantytowncrisis. While we may not realize it now, shantytowns Far to many young men were a common feature being killed while playing football and no one was taking any serious actions to reduce the risks. The headline at the top of 19th century America. Goffthe right hand column in ''The Chicago Sunday Tribune''s book explores not only how shantytowns became a prominent feature of Americaon November 26, 1905 screamed, "Football Year's towns and cities, but why middle class Americans eventually turned on them and their residentsDeath Harvest - Record Shows That Nineteen Players Have Been Killed; One Hundred Thirty-seven Hurt - Two Are Slain Saturday. "{{Read more|Shantytown, USA: Interview with Lisa GoffDid Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?}}

[[File:portraitbowiePrivateering.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]]====[[The Mysterious Illness Privateering during the War of Jim Bowie1812: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?Interview with Faye M. Kert]]====Directly or indirectlyDuring the War 1812, Jim Bowie’s enigmatic illness resulted from his own actionsUS and Canadian privateers fought most of the naval battles between the United States and Great Britain. A hearty man These privateers were comprised of six feet in height, Bowie was a walking contradiction; a slave trader captains who fought were motivated by the promise of profit to fight for freedom, their countries. There was a generous strong legal framework in both the United States and congenial man who called out his thunderous temper on a whim, Great Britain that normalized piracy. Canadian and American ship owners and investors took advantage of it and a commanding leader who was prone funded privateering outfits during the war. Needless to binges of sloppy drunkennesssay, privateers were incredibly risky investments.{{Read more|The Mysterious Illness Privateering during the War of Jim Bowie1812: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?Interview with Faye M. Kert}}

[[File:Young_boxers_fresco,_Akrotiri,_GreeceCayleff.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px150px]]====[[How did modern boxing emerge?Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. Cayleff]]====Boxing is one of At the oldest sports known to us. From very early historical records, to its professional development in end of the last century19th Century, a new system called naturopathy was created by Benedict and modern prizefightsLouisa Stroebel Lust. Unlike many of the 19th Century medical systems created, the sport naturopathy has become a global phenomenon watched by millionspersevered to this day. Although modern boxing has a lot Naturopathic healing was founded and based on number of similarities with its ancient cousininfluences including botanics, the mix with televisionhydrotherapy, big moneyeclecticism, temperance and big personalities has forever changed the sportvegetarianism.{{Read more|How did modern boxing emerge?Nature's Path: Interview with Susan E. Cayleff}}

[[File:AlexanderTheGreat_BustBritish_Lancers.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|220px200px]]====[[Alexander Why did the Great Top Ten BooklistBattle of the Somme largely fail to achieve its objectives?]]====Creating The Battle of the Somme or the Somme Offensive was a top ten list for books series of battles that occurred during the Summer and Autumn of 1916. It involved British and French forces launching a massive assault on the German lines in an effort to break the stalemate on Alexander the Great is not easy, since few ancient historical figures have been written about as muchWestern Front. Everything from his complex personality The Battle was primarily a battle between the Germans and his sexual life to his military the British. The offensive achieved very little and logistical tactics have been analyzed by historiansboth sides suffered heavy casualties. Alexander, simply put, stands out as unique among ancient historical figures for having so much detailed assessment made on his life The British only advanced a few miles and timesthe German lines held. The stalemate was not broken by the offensive. {{Read more|Alexander Why did the Battle of the Great Top Ten BooklistSomme largely fail to achieve its objectives?}}

[[File:grantFrench_soldiers.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|250px200px]]====[[Was the Destruction Perpetrated by Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil Origins of World War?One - Top Ten Booklist]]====January 1, 1863 marked a pivotal moment in the American Civil The First World Warwas an incredibly destructive and wide ranging catastrophe. On this date Not only did it dramatically change the Emancipation Proclamation, map of Europe and the preliminary world and it led to further instability. The First World War was one of which was issued by President Lincoln on September 22, 1862, took full and permanent effect, thus changing the Union’s ultimate war goalmost important wars in human history. Once There has long been a debate about the aim exact cause of the war changed for the Union, so too did its leadersFirst World War. The harsh and unpopular actions that were necessary to prevent assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand triggered the prolonged bloody carnage of continual war but its ultimate causes were tasked to three men: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and William T. Shermanfar more complex. {{Read more|Was the Destruction Perpetrated by Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman Necessary to End the Civil Origins of World War?One - Top Ten Booklist}}

[[File:Eriduiraq4000bcQueen_Anne's_Lace_(25468119510).jpegjpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|200px]]====[[What was used for birth control in medieval Europe?]]====Birth is a universal experience for humanity and therefore, so is conception. This makes the issue of contraception one which stretched back into antiquity. While this topic is frequently in modern news, the historic practices of contraception and the specific methods utilized are rarely touched upon. {{Read more|What was used for birth control in medieval Europe?}}</div>

<div class="portal" >[[File:GW-painting.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px]]====[[What Factors Led to was George Washington's military experience before the Creation of the First CitiesAmerican Revolution?]]====The rise Second Continental Congress voted unanimously to put George Washington in charge of cities the Continental Army in 1775. Washington was only 43 years old at the ancient Near East during time, a gentleman planter and local Virginian politician. {{Read more|What was George Washington's military experience before the fourth millennium BC (4000American Revolution?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:512px-3000 BC) Filip II Macedonia.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[How did Phillip II of Macedon change Ancient Greek history?]]====Alexander the Great is a key event one of the most famous men in the history . However, it is generally recognized that Alexander’s achievements would have been impossible without his father, Philip II of the worldMacedon, who reigned from 359 to 336 B.C. He is not as well-known as urban patterns that first arose there became patterns inherited his son but he laid the foundations for the great Empire of Alexander.{{Read more|How did Phillip II of Macedon change Ancient Greek history?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Egyptian kitchen Berlin 1.jpg|thumbnail|left|220px]]=====[[How did kitchens develop?]]=====Few places in many societiesa home are as important or symbolic for our social bonds than the kitchen. In almost every culture, including in the Westkitchen serves not only as the place where food is prepared, but serves as a social hub for families and friends. Cities Humans develop deep social bonds with family and friends in their kitchen. The kitchen does not simply provide for our daily nutrition but also helps to reinforce our social character. Whether humans are cooking around a fire or chopping vegetables on a granite counter-top, they are also interacting with one another. {{Read more|How did kitchens develop?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Christiaan_Barnard_(1968).jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[When did the ancient Near East were First Heart Transplant take place?]]====When Christiaan Barnard performed the first to develop major templesheart transplant in 1967, palacesit was initially seen as remarkable scientific achievement, large urban dwelling areasbut overtime both the medical community and the general public were forced to re-evaluate heart transplants. The medical community quickly realized that the first transplants were little more than dangerous and unpredictable experiments.{{Read more|When did the First Heart Transplant take place?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Keller.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why Did Helen Keller Become a Socialist?]]====Helen Keller (1880–1967) is best known for her triumph over blindness, city wallsdeafness, governmentsand muteness. Rescued from the isolation of her afflictions as a young girl by the Perkins Institute for the Blind teacher Anne Sullivan, Keller learned to understand a basic form of sign language and learned to “feel” and imitate the sound of the human voice. {{Read more|Why Did Helen Keller Become a Socialist?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[When was Mesothelioma First Diagnosed?]]====The history of Mesothelioma is complicated. Medicine struggled to establish its existence and religious authorities understand what caused it. Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that become features seen forms on the "tissues that cover the lungs and abdomen." Mesothelioma is typically tied to the exposure of people to asbestos in later citieseither their environment or workplace. {{Read more|When was Mesothelioma First Diagnosed?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Rabbbi's_Atheist_.jpeg|thumbnail|left|200px]] ====[[The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter: Interview with Bonnie S. Anderson]]====History is fickle. During the 19th Century, Ernestine Rose was one of the most important and famous international advocates for feminism, free thought and anti-slavery. She worked closely with renowned figures in this movement such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Despite her contributions to feminism, atheism, and anti-slavery, since her death she has slowly been erased from history. {{Read more|What Factors Led The Rabbi's Atheist Daughter: Interview with Bonnie S. Anderson}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Skythian_archer_plate_BM_E135_by_Epiktetos.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[When did Men Start Wearing Pants?]]====Why did humans start wearing pants? To answer this question it’s important to understand two things - first, what were the earliest forms of clothing and how did they evolve into pants and secondly, why did a need for pants develop? It is also helpful to define what is meant by pants - specifically a bifurcated garment for the bottom half of the body which covers from waist to the lower leg. It is also helpful to define what is meant by pants - specifically a bifurcated garment for the Creation bottom half of the First Citiesbody which covers from waist to the lower leg. {{Read more|When did Men Start Wearing Pants?}}

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====[[Why was France defeated in 1940What Mistakes did the Allies make during Operation Overlord on D-Day?]]====In September 1939June 6, 1944 was arguably the Nazi War Machine invaded Poland and most pivotal day of World War II began. France Operation Overlord was set to be launched and its Britain declared against Nazi Germany in 1939. The French army if successful, was to open a second front in theory Europe so as strong as the Germanys and it had a vast Empire and a sophisticated arms industryto attack Germany from all sides. It Stalin’s Soviet Army had also established a series of fortifications been battling the German Army since late 1942 in the east of the countryStalingrad, Leningrad, known as the Maginot Line. The Line was designed to keep German forces out of Franceand Moscow. {{Read more|Why What Mistakes did the United States and Soviet Union Reach Detente During the Cold WarAllies make during Operation Overlord on D-Day?}}

====[[How Did Black Pepper Spread in Popularity?]]====[[File:Black pepper (By R.Boroujerdi).jpeg|left|thumb|205px]]Visiting a restaurant in the Western world or even a home often means finding salt and black pepper as common condiments on the table used to give taste to our dishes. Salt has been native to many regions and is commonly found; however, black pepper was a far more limited plant (Piper nigrum) that natively grew in South and Southeast Asia.{{Read more|How Did Black Pepper Spread in Popularity?}}</div> <div class="portal" >[[File:Hodges_scoutAlmost_a_Miracle.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|200px]]====[[American Revolution Top Ten Booklist]]====On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the Continental Congress. This act was only the first step towards the creation of the United States. The impact of this revolution cannot be ignored. {{Read more|American Revolution Top Ten Booklist}}</div>

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Pinkertons.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[Hodges' ScoutInventing the Pinkertons: Interview with Len TraversPaul O'Hara]]====Johns Hopkins University Press has recently published Len TraverIn 1850, Allan Pinkerton founded a detective agency that would grow into the Pinkerton's new book HodgesNational Detective Agency. Pinkerton' Scout: A Lost Patrol of s agency is easily the French most famous and Indian Warinfamous security guard and detective agency in United States history. Travers' book examines a group of colonial scouts who were ambushed on a patrol in upstate New York by French and Native American soldiers during Pinkerton originally created the French agency to help railroad companies investigate their employees and Indian Warcatch train robbers. Travers uses this massacre to explore But over time, the lives of Pinkertons developed an intimate relationship with the colonists who fought, died federal government and even survived this massacreas these partnerships grew the Pinkertons' role increased dramatically.{{Read more| Hodges' ScoutInventing the Pinkertons: Interview with Len TraversPaul O'Hara}}

[[File:American_Colossus652px-First_Oil_Well.jpegjpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|300px200px]]====[[How did Edwin Drake create the World's first oil well?]]====Even though there was no one "first discover" of oil. Oil was known in antiquity when it was used to heal wounds. But by the middle of the 19th century methods for collecting oil from the ground had not changed for thousands of years. Edwin Drake's oil fundamentally changed this process and dramatically increased oil production around the world. {{Read more|How did Edwin Drake create the World's first oil well?}}</div>

[[File:American_Colossus.jpeg|left|thumb|125px]]Creating a Top Ten List for the Gilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this period. These books are a selection of our favorites. Creating a Top Ten List for the Gilded Age/Progressive Era is challenging. There are an extraordinary number of outstanding books on this period. These books are a selection of our favorites. Most of these books are focused on trying to define this era as whole, instead of focusing on a single issue. In other words, several of these books are seeking to create a grand narrative of the era to help their readers understand it. {{Read more|Gilded Age/Progressive Era History Top Ten Booklist}}

[[File:BattleCryFreedomSamuel_Hahnemann_1841.jpegjpg|thumbnail|left|thumb|200px]]====[[What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Century?]]====Nineteenth-century medicine was characterized by constant competition among three major medical sects: Regulars, Eclectics, and Homeopaths.[1] Each of these medical sects not only meaningfully disagreed on how to treat illnesses and diseases, but sought to portray their type of practice as the most effective and scientific.{{Read more|What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Century?}}</div>

<div class="portal">[[File:Congress_of_Vienna_1815.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px]]====[[Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?]]====The Congress of Vienna was a gathering of representatives of European kingdoms that was presided over by the Austrian Chancellor Klemens Von Metternich. The Best Historians Congress was held in Vienna from 1814 to 1815. The goals of the Congress were to secure peace and stability in Europe and Books According to James McPhersonensure that revolutions did not destabilize the Continent. {{Read more|Why did the Congress of Vienna fail to stop future European wars?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Tissot Solomon Dedicates the Temple at Jerusalem.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[History of God Top Ten Booklist]]====In 2014The concept of God and his historical development is an extraordinarily complex topic and it is not easily addressed in ten books. These books seek attempt to explain a complex story on how the concept of God developed in different cultures, the New York Times published a brief interview with noted Civil War historian James McPhersonplaces, and across time. The George Henry Davis 1886 Professor history of the idea of American God is long and has its roots from prehistoric to early historic periods in the ancient Near East. Later cultures developed concepts that derive from ancient Iran, Greece, Egypt, and perhaps other regions.{{Read more|History at Princeton Universityof God Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:William-wallace-monument-1256291 1280. McPherson jpeg|thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[How historically accurate is considered Braveheart?]]====Braveheart was a popular movie released in 1995 that won 5 Oscars and featured Mel Gibson as William Wallace. Wallace was a Scottish knight who became a hero in the Scottish rebellions against the English in the late 13th and early 14th century. The movie helped to be inspire Scottish national pride while also, to some, represent an early, Medieval warrior who fought for freedom for himself and his people. While much of the dean story depicted did occur, including the English occupation of Civil War historiansScotland during the time of Edward I, king of England, the depiction of the revolt against the English and other events do not correspond well to historical accounts.{{Read more|How historically accurate is Braveheart?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File: Drysocks. JPG |thumbnail|200px|left]]====[[What Was the Importance of Bill Mauldin to WWII Infantrymen?]]====Bill Mauldin once said that the infantryman “gives more and gets less than anybody else.” He is best known for knew this from his experience on the front lines with K Company, 180th Infantry Regiment, of the 45th Division. Mauldin went through basic training as an infantryman and stayed with his Pulitzer Prize winning book Battle Cry regiment throughout the invasion of Freedom which is Sicily and the Allied campaign up the boot of Italy. The talented cartoonist succeeded in ruffling the best overview feathers of the Civil War“brass” all the way up to General George Patton.{{Read more|What Was the Importance of Bill Mauldin to WWII Infantrymen?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Florence_Cathedral.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Why did the Italian Renaissance End?]]====The Best Historians Italian Renaissance was one of the most exciting periods in human civilisation. It witnessed a great flourishing of the arts, literature, philosophy, architecture and politics. Many of the greatest figures in World Civilisation appeared during the Renaissance in Italy, including Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Machiavelli and Books According to James McPhersonRaphael.{{Read more|Why did the Italian Renaissance End?}}

[[File:Angels_of_the_Underground_Gettysburg.jpeg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[Civil War Battles Top Ten Booklist]]====A DailyHistory.org top ten booklist focusing on best book on the battles of the American Civil War. The books on this list explore the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, Chancellorsville, and many others. Take a look at our list. {{Read more|Civil War Battles Top Ten Booklist}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:Stalingrad three.jpg|thumbnail|left|thumb250px]] ====[[Why did Germany lose the Battle of Stalingrad?]]====Hitler saw the war in terms of his personal rivalry with Stalin and he decided to attack the city, because of its symbolic value. However, the original aim of the offensive in Southern Russian was to secure the oil fields in the Caucasus. The oil was essential for the German war machine. Hitler knew this – instead of opting for concentrating all his forces on the conquest of the oil fields, he made perhaps a fateful mistake.{{Read more|Why did Germany lose the Battle of Stalingrad?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">[[File:portraitbowie.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px]]====[[The Mysterious Illness of Jim Bowie: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?]]====Directly or indirectly, Jim Bowie’s enigmatic illness resulted from his own actions. A hearty man of six feet in height, Bowie was a walking contradiction; a slave trader who fought for freedom, a generous and congenial man who called out his thunderous temper on a whim, and a commanding leader who was prone to binges of sloppy drunkenness.{{Read more|The Mysterious Illness of Jim Bowie: How Did He Contribute to His Own Decline?}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====History of Religion===={{#dpl:category=Religious History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Ancient Greek History===={{#dpl:category=Ancient Greek History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====American Civil War===={{#dpl:category=Civil War|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====19th Century History===={{#dpl:category=19th Century History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Renaissance History===={{#dpl:category=Renaissance History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div>

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====History of Early US Republic====*[[Angels of Thomas Jefferson, the UndergroundFounding Fathers and Christianity: Interview with Theresa KaminskiSam Haselby]]====*[[The Oxford University Press recently published Theresa Kaminski's Angels Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Interview with Terri Halperin]]*[[Fate of the UndergroundRevolution: The Interview with Lorri Glover]]*[[American Women who Resisted the Japanese in the Philippines in World War II. KaminskiRevolution Top Ten Booklist]]*[[What was George Washington's book follows military experience before the lives of four American women who were stranded in the Philippines after Japan invaded during World War II. Publishers Weekly described her book as a "fast-paced true story" that documents how these women resisted Japanese occupation. Revolution?]]{{Read more| Angels of the Underground*[[Hodges' Scout: Interview with Theresa Kaminski}}Len Travers]]

<div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Sports History====*[[Did Theodore Roosevelt really save Football?]]*[[How did modern boxing emerge?]]*[[How did the game of golf emerge?]]*[[How did the marathon emerge?]]*[[How did the modern tennis emerge?]]*[[Who integrated the NBA?]]*[[How did hunting become a symbol of the aristocracy/royalty]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Legal History====*[[American Legal History Top Ten Booklist]]*[[American Surveillance: Interview with Anthony Gregory]]*[[How did the Sharia Law develop?]]*[[How has the Roman Lex Mercatoria evolved to play a role in modern International Trade and Commerce Codification?]]*[[How does The Magna Carta influence the Modern Perceptions of Civil Rights?]]*[[How has ancient Rome influenced European law?]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====World War I===={{#dpl:category=World War One History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====European Interwar Political History====*[[How did Vladimir Lenin Rise To Power?]]*[[How Joseph Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union]]*[[How did Mussolini become Prime Minister of Italy?]]*[[Primed for Violence in Interwar Poland: Interview with Paul Brykczynski]]*[[The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact- Stalin’s greatest mistake?]]*[[The Nazi triumph: how did Adolf Hitler become the Fuehrer of Germany?]]*[[Why did the the Weimar Republic Collapse?]]</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====World War Two===={{#dpl:category=World War Two History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====British History===={{#dpl:category=British History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div><div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Roman History===={{#dpl:category=Roman History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">====Historically Accurate===={{#dpl:category=Historically Accurate|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div>  <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%"> ====Interviews===={{#dpl:category=Interviews|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div> <div class="portal" style="font-size:90%">

==Articles==Here are some of our most recently created and edited articles.Booklists===={{#dpl:category=WikisBooklists|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=812}}

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==Interviews==Articles====These Here are some of our interviews with historians discussing their new booksmost recently created and edited articles.{{#dpl:category=InterviewsWikis|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=78}}

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==Booklists==Book Reviews====Includes Here are some of our most recent Expert and User created Top Ten History Booklistsbook reviews.{{#dpl:category=BooklistsBook Review|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=158}}

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==Blog Roll==Great History Sites====

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