Changes

Gordon Martel. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1405874317/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1405874317&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=dae35f8407a1cc20fbbb446072116d50 The Origins of the First World War]</i>. (2001)

Martel summarizes and analyzes the policies and errors of judgments that led to a war in Europe. He provides an overview of the system of alliances in Europe prior to the war and how this system dominated international affairs. Martel explains the position of each of the great powers and how they saw the system as protecting their interests. The author shows that the system of alliances was fundamentally unstable. This was demonstrated when the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand led to its collapse. For Martel the alliance system in Europe, designed to create a ’balance of power’ and secure the peace, was fatally flawed and ultimately plunged Europe into the most barbaric war in centuries.

Christopher Clarke. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0061146668/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0061146668&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=38982d06b625fe0770ea3ac9f09c4f36 The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War]</i>. (2014)

Clarke concentrates on the political decisions that led to the outbreak of war. He argues that none of the leaders were interested in starting a general war. All the leaders wanted peace. However, they made a series of mistakes and errors in their policies that led to misunderstandings and mutually suspicions among the competing nations. When Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated these led to the declaration of war. According to the thesis in this book, Europe was led into war by a series of political and diplomatic blunders.

Sean MacMeekin. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0674072332/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0674072332&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=e65b2847630f24d9b4d51be909c8ea3c The Russian Origins of the First World War]</i> (2013).

According to the thesis in this work, it was Russian statesmen who unleashed the war through their conscious policy decisions based on imperial ambitions in the Balkans. The Russian Empire had ambitions in the Balkans and especially wanted to conquer the Bosporus in the Ottoman Empire. The Tsar and his ministers saw the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand as an opportunity to achieve their aims. They used their alliance with France and Britain to ensure that Germany would not threaten Russia. However, the Russians only sought a local war in the Balkans and did not want a general war. They tragically miscalculated impact of their decisions.

Anika Mombauer. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00H1S0TJG/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B00H1S0TJG&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=f637b3c9512b940da4a756117c67a17e The Origins and Cause of the First World War: Controversies and Consensus]</i>. 2002