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How Did the Ur III Dynasty Impact Ancient Mesopotamian History

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[[File: Mesopotamie_Ur3.png|300px|thumbnail|left|250px|Map of Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium BC]]__NOTOC__ 
The Ur III Dynasty or the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112-2004 BC) was an ancient Mesopotamian political dynasty that formed in the aftermath of the collapse of the Akkadian Dynasty. The kings of the Ur III Dynasty were able to unify southern Mesopotamia under one government, which is often viewed as a renaissance of Sumerian culture that had vanished centuries earlier. Besides briefly bringing back the Sumerian language, the Ur III Dynasty influenced later Mesopotamian dynasties in a number of different ways.
The Ur III kings not only unified much of Mesopotamia under one rule, but they also instituted a well-organized state and bureaucracy that was emulated by later dynasties. The Ur III kings also introduced trade and diplomatic policies that were influential, utilized agricultural practices that were used for centuries, and provided many of the basic ideas of Mesopotamian religion that were followed until the Hellenistic Period.
====The Sumerians and Ur====
====The Establishment of the Ur III Dynasty====
[[File: Cylinder_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Cylinder Seal of King Shulgi (ruled c. 2094-2047 BC)]]
The Ur III Dynasty came to power after the Akkadian Dynasty grew weak and eventually collapsed. Akkad’s collapse ushered in an era of political and social instability in Mesopotamia, but also created opportunities for ambitious dynasts in other cities. Ur-Nammu (reigned c. 2112-2095 BC) was one such ambitious ruler.  After consolidating his power base within the city of Ur, Ur-Nammu used his army to bring most of Mesopotamia under the rule of Ur. A cuneiform inscription in the Sumerian language, known as the “Laws of Ur-Nammu,” documents this process, along with a number of laws the king enacted in the conquered territories. The text provides insight not only into how Ur-Nammu conquered Mesopotamia, but more importantly how he and the other Ur III kings viewed their action.
“Then did Ur-Nammu, the mighty warrior, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, by the might of Nanna, lord of the city (of Ur), and in accordance with the true word of Utu, establish equity in the land (and) he banished malediction, violence, and strife. By granting immunity in Akkad to the maritime trade from the seafarers’ overseer, to the heardsman from the ‘oxen-taker,’ the ‘sheeptaker,’ and the ‘donkey-taker,’ he set Sumer and Akkad free.” <ref> Pritchard, p. 523</ref>
The creation and expansion of the Ur III Empire that was begun by Ur-Nammu was were completed by his son and successor, Shulgi. <ref> Kuhrt, p. 63</ref> The first millennium BC Akkadian cuneiform text, the “Babylonian Chronicle,” mentions Shulgi as a conqueror, but also as a bit of a brigand. “Shulgi, son of Ur-Namu, provided abundant food for Eridu, which is on the seashore. But he had criminal tendencies and took away the property of Esagil and Babylon as booty.” <ref> Grayson, A. Kirk, ed. <i>Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles.</i> (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2000), p. 154</ref>
The empire that Ur-Nammu and Shulgi created was quite sophisticated in terms of its bureaucracy and state apparatus. The empire was divided into provinces that were each overseen by a governor known as an <i>ensi</i>. In addition to an ensi, each province also had at least one general, and several, such as the province of Umma, had several generals, which effectively prevented ensis from rebelling. Another important Ur III administrative office was the <i>sukkalmah</i>, whose task it was to represent the interests of the Ur III state away from Ur and who therefore acted as another check on possibly ambitious ensis. <ref> Mieroop, pgs. 77-79</ref>
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====Trade and Diplomacy in the Ur III State====
<div class="portal" style='float:right; width:35%'>====Related Articles===={{#dpl:category=Ancient History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=8}}</div>Although the first two Ur III kings established their empire through force, they were not as bellicose as many of the Mesopotamian dynasties that preceded and followed them. The Ur III kings relied on their well-oiled bureaucracy along with considerable long-distance trade and an innovative diplomatic policy to hold power. By the late third millennium BC, Ur came to dominate the textiles and metals trade in Mesopotamia, which the Ur III kings took advantage of through centralization.  The Ur III kings would direct trade through policies, but the trade itself was carried out by independent caravans and contractors who profited nicely. Ur III trade worked so well that some modern scholars believed that a proto-currency was even developed in Ur at the time. Gold, silver, copper, and bronze coils have been discovered in excavations at Ur in a trade context, which has suggested to some archaeologists that the metals were used as a type of early currency. <ref> Kuhrt, p. 61</ref>
Trade may have made the Ur III kings rich, but agriculture was the backbone of the Mesopotamian economy. The Ur III kings helped advance the state of Mesopotamian agriculture by further developing the already extensive irrigation networks and by introducing a three-field crop rotation. <ref> Kuhrt, p. 60</ref> The Ur III Dynasty’s trade and economic policies helped keep the empire strong internally and allowed it the luxury of conducting diplomacy in a way that expanded its interests.
===The Ur III Dynasty and Religion===
[[File: Ziggarat_of_Ur_1.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|The Ziggurat of Ur]]
When one thinks of ancient Mesopotamian religion, the region’s massive temple complexes are often what first comes to mind. Ziggurats were large, triangular complexes that evolved from small structures to the three -story temples that came be built across Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Elam. The Ziggurat of Ur, which was dedicated to the moon god Nanna/Sin, measures 190 by 130 feet and is made of mudbrick. <ref> Frankfort, Henri. <i>The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient.</i> Fourth Edition. (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press), p. 104</ref> The now two level ziggurat was once three levels and provided the inspiration for all later ziggurats.
The Ur III Dynasty also influenced later Mesopotamian dynasties in terms of religious texts. Many of the more influential Mesopotamian texts, such as the <i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i> were originally written in Sumerian, probably during the Ur III Dynasty, and then later copied into Akkadian in later dynasties. <ref> Sandars, Nancy <i>The Epic of Gilgamesh.</i> Revised Edition. (London: Penguin, 1972), p. 8</ref> In fact, most of the gods and goddesses of Mesopotamia were based on Sumerian and/or Ur III deities; the later dynasties would often just change their names but the important details remained constant.
Although it is sometimes overlooked, the Ur III Dynasty was one of the most important dynasties to have ruled ancient Mesopotamia. The Ur III kings quickly built an empire on the ruins of the Akkadian Dynasty and in the process built a sophisticated bureaucracy, developed advanced trade and diplomacy, and influenced the religion of later Mesopotamian dynasties. After the Ur III Dynasty collapsed at the hands of the Elamites, the focus of Mesopotamian Civilization moved north to Babylon, but the ideas that were developed in Ur were not forgotten.
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====References====

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