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[[File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg|thumb|left|Figure 1. Oklahoma was part of Indian Territory or what was also known as Indian Country.]]__NOTOC__The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide broad areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people . People moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions.

==The Emergence of How did the United States Acquire the OklahomaTerritory? ==Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the United States area (Figure 1). The region was settled by various Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The area was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century.

Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States. The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern southeastern United States. This policy was a policy started by the [[Why did Indian Removal cause the Trail of Tears?|1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups]].

While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian TerritorySince George Washington's administration, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as settlers crossed the Mississippi. This was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous US government policy towards native populations, a place sought to separate the assimilate Native Americans from settlers. Some of through the early tribes that were moved were composed teaching of CherokeeEnglish, Creek, Seminole, Chickasawconversion to Christianity, and Choctaw. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most adoption of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signedEuropean styles and dress. There was opposition from northern statesHowever, but Andrew Jackson saw disagreed with this as hypocritical given that policy and sought to remove all Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in from the northern statescountry. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern Southern states. The removal of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes (The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Creek), who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory favor of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes removal because they wanted to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the take over rich farming areas developed by Native American tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join and there were divisions. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of it as punishment for joining the South.

==Why did the United States forcibly move Native Americans to Oklahoma?==After he became the 7th US president, he sought to implement a new policy focused on removing indigenous groups.<ref>For more on Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, see: Stewart, Mark. <i>The Establishment Indian Removal Act: Forced Relocation</i>. Snapshots in History. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2007.</ref> While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory or Indian Country, in the 1830s Indian Territory, it was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the State==Mississippi river designated part of the Indian Territory.

After losing However, that land, gradually was reduced over time as the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 northern regions became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americanssettled. ThisInitially, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land Indian Country was envisioned as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run home of April 22indigenous populations, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and separating the Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territoryfrom settlers. In the 1890sHowever, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American value and non-indigenous and white populations. This is interest in the time when the nickname for migrants land to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before north reduced the land became officially opened area for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and primary tribes that formally dissolved tribal the United States governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of SequoyahCherokee, but this was rejected. By 1907Creek, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehoodSeminole, which was granted in that year the 46th state. By thenChickasaw, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territoryChoctaw.

==SummaryWhy were Indians in Oklahoma aligned with the Confederacy?==During the 1840s, Oklahoma was transforming into an agricultural state. Many of the tribes also owned black slaves and cotton agriculture, which increasingly led these tribes to have more significant connections to southern states, which led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. For a time before the Civil War, the region was prosperous. However, there was no explicit agreement on which side to join in the Civil War among the tribes. Additionally, there were divisions and conflicts among the tribes that persisted after the Civil War. Still, many did side with the South.

Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide the Indian Territory. Ultimately, the Indian Tribes in Oklahoma were punished for aligning with the Confederacy during the Civil War, but this also served as a convenient excuse to seize their lands.<ref>For more on Native Americans in Oklahoma until the Civil War, see: Clampitt, Bradley R., ed. <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.</ref> == How was Oklahoma Created? ==[[File:IT.4.1889.jpg|thumb|left|Figure 2. The land that became Oklahoma was divided into zones by the late 1880s.]]After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes.  In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving the area out of Oklahoma territory (Figure 2). In the 1890s, migration changed the Territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white population. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, making it valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks.  The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased, and land disputes increasingly arose. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area had not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, the power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 was then passed. It formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, canceled reservation status, and removed tribal schools and local government institutions.  This change created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create their own state, named the State of Sequoyah, but this option was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had the most power in the Territory. They pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the Territory in 1907 and made Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered, and new settlers were arriving into the Territory, further increasing power into white settlers and families.<ref>For more on acts and other historical changes to Oklahoma territory after the Civil War, see: Blackman, Jon S. <i> Oklahoma's Indian New Deal</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.</ref> == Why did the United States Supreme Court return control of some state lands to the Five Tribes? ==After 1907, Oklahoma's fortunes did go up and down with the oil industry. The state was severely affected in the Great Depression, as the economy collapsed. This period led to the Dust Bowl, as poor farming practices led to wide-scale soil loss. After the war, Oklahoma led the Country in creating artificial lakes to help with water conservation. The economy gradually shifted away from oil, and agriculture changed to practice more water and land conservation practices. In the recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020, this has now, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and must face tribal or federal courts.  However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implications on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. However, it may more likely simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions. However, non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to be still subject to state and local law.<ref>For more on recent history, see: Baird, W. David, and Danney Goble. <i>Oklahoma: A History</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011.</ref> == Summary ==The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early 1800s based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. However, the recent Supreme Court ruling may put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited. ====References====<references/> [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:United States History]]