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→Early Development
====Early Development====
In ancient periods, patriotic songs existed, often at the city or city-state level, that talked about the goodness, affection for, or even lament toward a city. There is evidence in ancient Mesopotamia and Greece. During the Roman Republic, the concept of <i>patria</i> existed. It was the idea that one could be loyal to the state , and it encouraged patriotic activities, including song, toward the state.
During the late Byzantine Empire in the 13th century, the renewed longing of ancient roots emerged in the Byzantine state. Earlier, other states also attempted to connect to ancient Rome or other forms of legitimization, such as the Holy Roman Empire connecting to the order and divine providence seen in the Roman Empire. All of these were not associated with what we would call anthems, but poetry that was sung did emerge that would help raise affection for these states.<ref>For more on the history of patriotic works, particularly in antiquity, see: Sardoč M (2019) <i>Handbook of Patriotism</i>. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30534-9 (accessed 6 December 2019). </ref>
The concept of anthem develops in the Medieval period during the period of monarchies. In England, the coronation ceremony consisted of patriotic song songs and psalms and other liturgical music that associated the state with the sacred religious duty that gave it legitimacy. In fact, later Later national anthems take themes and structure of music from psalms and hymns in developing formal national anthems. The Catholic votive antiphon influenced both Catholic and Protestant states in creating hymn-like songs, some of which later formed the basis for anthems. Anthems Hymns were effectively church-related music, with national anthems later then adopting their format.
The first anthem for a state could be considered was "Wilhelmus, (Figure 1)," which is a Dutch anthem from 1572 that dates to the Dutch revolt that broke the Dutch away from Spanish rule. William, leader of the Dutch, is displayed as a King David like figure, where the heroic struggle is was framed in religious language. At this point, The Dutch saw the war was seen as a war battle between the Protestant Dutch and Catholics of Spain. Thus, the The war was framed not only as a nationalistic struggle but also one that defined . The war was an effort to define the true path of Christ from the perspective of the belligerents. The music Music from this time thus encouraged those people to take up arms . People fought not only for the love of their country but also for the love of their religious beliefs.
In Britain, in 1745, Bonny Prince Charlie led a Jacobite rebellion against the British Crown. This rebellion led to the resurgence in of nationalism in Britain, at least in areas where the rebellious prince was not popular, leading to the tune "God Save the King/Queen" to become popular. The origin of this work is probably much older , but around this time , it seems to have regained renewed attention. Eventually, this formed the basis for other patriotic songs in Britain and the wider British Empire. This type of music also became known as royal anthems.<ref>For reference regarding the development of national anthems in the Medieval and Early Modern Period, see: Kelen C (2015) <i>Anthem Quality: National Songs : A Theoretical Study</i>. Intellect Books.</ref>
====Development of Anthems====
