Changes

Jump to: navigation, search

Did the Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Renaissance in Italy

734 bytes added, 04:56, 17 September 2021
m
{{Mediawiki:kindleoasis}}
__NOTOC__
[[File: Sack of Rome Two.jpg |thumbnail|left|300px250px|Portrait of Emperor Charles V, 1527]]The Sack of Rome was the capture and the destruction of Rome by the mutinous troops of Emperor Charles V. It caused widespread outrage at the time and it shocked Europe. The Sack destroyed much of Rome and it is widely seen as ushering in a new era in the history of Italy. This article will discuss the impact that the Sack had on Italy and its development.
The commonly held belief is that the Sack of Rome ended was the Renaissance in Italy. The Sack of capture and Rome in 1527 was of critical importance in 's destruction by the history mutinous troops of ItalyEmperor Charles V. It guaranteed Spanish supremacy in Italycaused widespread outrage at the time, led to increasingly religious orthodoxy and it shocked Europe. The Sack destroyed the economy much of Rome, and it is widely seen as ushering in a new era in Italy's history. It was not This article will discuss the Sack itself, but the effects of impact that the Sack that contributed to the ending of the Renaissancehad on Italy and its development.
== Background==Since The commonly held belief is that the 1490s Sack of Rome ended the great rivals France and Spain (and briefly the Swiss) had fought Renaissance in Italy for control of the peninsula. The various Italian city states and the Papacy were divided and they were often allied to the Hapsburgs, Spanish and the French.<ref> Lopez, Robert Sabatino, <i>The Three Ages Sack of Rome in 1527 was of critical importance in the Italian Renaissance</i> (Charlottesville: University Press history of VirginiaItaly. It guaranteed Spanish supremacy in Italy, 1970)led to increasingly religious orthodoxy, p. 89 </ref> The struggle for Italy had entered a new phase during the reigns of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his great rival Francis II of Francedestroyed Rome's economy. In 1527 Italy It was not the scene of the War of Sack itself, but the League effects of Cognac and this involved France and the Papacy on one side and the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain and her allies on the other. Pope Clement VII supported the French Monarch, Francis I in order Sack that contributed to protect the independence ending of the Papacy.<ref> Lopez, pRenaissance. 112</ref>
Pope Clement feared that ==Why did the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's army invade Italy in 1527?==Since the 1490s, Holy Roman Emperor France and Spain (and briefly the Spanish king was becoming too powerful. He was commonly regarded as the most powerful man Swiss) had fought in Europe since the days Italy for control of the Caesarspeninsula. The Imperial troopsvarious Italian city-states and the Papacy were divided, who and they were mainly composed of German mercenaries and often allied to the Hapsburgs, Spanish troops, defeated and the French and the Papal armies in 1527. However<ref> Lopez, Robert Sabatino, <i>The Three Ages of the Emperor was in no position to pay the army and they mutinied. This was typical Italian Renaissance</i> (Charlottesville: University Press of Charles VVirginia, 1970), despite his vast Empire he was often short of cash and usually nearly bankruptp. 89 </ref> The Imperial army struggle for Italy had been led by entered a powerful French nobles, new phase during the reigns of the Bourbon Family, who had rebelled against the French MonarchHoly Roman Emperor Charles V and his great rival Francis II of France. He In 1527 Italy was unable to quell the revolt and was soon forced to do scene of the bidding War of the mutinous troops. The soldiers sought food League of Cognac, and money this involved France and they began to pillage large areas of Northern Italy the Papacy on one side and they terrorized many towns the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, and villagesher allies on the other.<ref>TuchmanPope Clement VII supported the French Monarch, Francis I, Barbara Wto protect the independence of the Papacy. <iref>The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam</i> (London, Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1985)Lopez, p. 345112</ref>
Pope Clement feared that Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Spanish king were becoming too powerful. He was commonly regarded as the most powerful man in Europe since the days of the Caesars. The Imperial troops, who were mainly composed of German mercenaries and Spanish troops, defeated the French and the Papal armies in 1527. However, the Emperor was in no position to pay the army, and they mutinied. This was typical of Charles V.
==Sack Despite his vast Empire, he was often short of Rome - The Terror==After a few weeks, the loot and food available in the area began to run low cash and the soldiers looked for other targetsusually nearly bankrupt. They selected Rome. They believed that they could get all the money and food that they needed in the Eternal City.<ref>TuchmanThe Imperial army had been led by powerful French nobles, p. 344</ref> Many of the mutinous soldiers were German mercenaries, famed for their bravery, many were also sympathisers of Martin Luther and they believed that the Pope was corrupt and even the ‘Anti-Christ’ who had distorted rebelled against the message French Monarch of Christthe Bourbon Family. They wanted He was unable to seize Rome for religious reasons quell the revolt and possibly believed that they could deliver a fateful blow was soon forced to do the Catholic Church, even though Martin Luther stated that this would be wrongmutinous troops' bidding. Soon 33The soldiers sought food and money,000 Imperial troops were on their way and they began to Rome in the spring of 1527. The army was composed pillage large areas of GermansNorthern Italy, Spaniards and Italiansthey terrorized many towns and villages.<ref>Tuchman, pBarbara W. 345<i>[https:/ref> The army was reinforced by deserters form the French army and bandits/www. It was largely unopposed as an Italian army, under Venetian command also mutiniedamazon. The army became more disorganized as they advanced on Rome. The sacked several towns on the way and on the 5th of May, they had reached the Walls of Rome. By this stage the army was largely under the control of the common soldiers as their erstwhile leader of the Charles Bourbon was only heeded by his men when it pleased them.<com/gp/product/0345308239/ref> Chastel, Andre, <i>=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0345308239&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=731d360be9211dec1e2b8dcb7ffcd7bf The Sack March of RomeFolly: From Troy to Vietnam]</i> (PrincetonLondon, Princeton University PressRandom House Trade Paperbacks, 19831985), p. 78345</ref>
On June, the 6th, the == Why was Rome Sacked by Charles V's army attacked the city walls. The leader of the attack? ==After a few weeks, Charles the Bourbon, was killed during loot and food available in the assault. He had been at least able area began to influence run low, and the soldiers, but now the army was completely out of control looked for other targets. They selected Rome. They massacred believed that they could get all the defenders money and any civilians food that they came across. Only the bravery of needed in the Swiss Guard saved the Pope from the armyEternal City.<ref> ChastelTuchman, p. 115344</ref> The Many of the mutinous soldiers executed any defenders who surrendered. A reign of terror ensued in Rome were German mercenaries, famed for three days if not longer. The soldiers attacked cardinals and stole their wealthbravery. The ordinary Romans But many were also suffered greatly, countless were robbed, murdered sympathizers of Martin Luther and rapedthey believed that the Pope was corrupt. Many were tortured in macabre ways so that Some even describe the pope as the ‘Anti-Christ’ because they would divulge believe he distorted the location message of their wealthChrist. The mutineers stayed in They wanted to seize Rome for religious reasons and possibly believed that they could deliver a fateful blow to the city for some monthsCatholic Church, even though Martin Luther stated that this would be wrong. Soon 33, continuing 000 Imperial troops were on their way to terrorize Rome in the inhabitants and they only left after eight months because spring of 1527. The army was composed of plague Germans, Spaniards, and having received a hefty bribe form the PopeItalians.<ref>Tuchman, p.345</ref>
==Aftermath==[[File: Pope Clement VIIThe army was reinforced by deserters from the French army and bandits.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|Pope Clement VII in 1528]]Emperor Charles V It was deeply embarrassed by largely unopposed as an Italian army, under Venetian command, which also mutinied. The army became more disorganized as they advanced on Rome. They sacked several towns on the way, and on the 5th of May, they had reached the actions Walls of his mutinous armyRome. However y this stage, Charles knew that the Pope army was in a weak position and he saw it largely under the control of the common soldiers as an opportunity to extend their erstwhile leader of the Charles Bourbon was only heeded by his control over the Papacymen when it pleased them.<ref> Chastel, Andre, <i>[https://www. pamazon. 212com/gp/product/0691099472/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0691099472&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=990e20db1788d33ca9ee2a70c1f69586 The Sack of Rome, 1527]</refi> Successive Popes(Princeton, Princeton University Press, eager to preserve Italian independence and their own had allied themselves with the French1983), to prevent Charles from upsetting the balance of power in Italyp. 78</ref>
Charles V now used On June the 6th, the weakened position of Pope Clement to ensure that army attacked the Papacy was no longer able to resist Imperial interests in Italycity walls. After The leader of the Sack of Romeattack, Pope Clement was too afraid of Charles V after the Sack to adopt a policy that Bourbon, was independent of killed during the Emperorassault. This policy was He had been at least able to have momentous consequences not only for influence the Church soldiers, but also for now the history army was completely out of Europecontrol. In They massacred the aftermath of defenders and any civilians they came across. Only the Sack, the Popes were very reluctant to go against the wishes bravery of the Emperor and after his abdication, Swiss Guard saved the Spanish monarchs, who inherited Pope from the most significant part of Charles V territoriesarmy.<ref> TuchmanChastel, p. 347115</ref> The mutinous soldiers executed any defenders who surrendered. A reign of terror ensued in Rome for three days, if not longer.
The Popes increasingly shadowed soldiers attacked the policies of the Spanish monarchycardinals and stole their wealth. The ordinary Romans also suffered greatly. Countless were robbed, especially when it came to the enforcement of religious orthodoxy. Before 1527murdered, the Pope had been arguably just another secular rulerand raped. After Many were tortured in macabre ways so that they would divulge the Sack location of Rome, the Pope under pressure from first Charles V and later Spanish monarchs such as Phillip II became more interest their wealth. The mutineers stayed in the clerical discipline and religious orthodoxy than previously. This was to have serious repercussions city for Italian society and its culture.<ref>Burckhardtsome months, Jacobcontinuing to terrorize the inhabitants, <i>The Civilization and they only left after eight months because of the Renaissance in Italy</i> (London, Penguin, 1992), pplague and the hefty bribe they were paid by the Pope. 112</ref>
The Popes insistence on religious orthodoxy meant that freethought and secular values were increasingly challenged in ==What was the aftermath of the Sack of RomeRomein 1527?==[[File: Pope Clement VII. The Inquisition became more active, as the jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|Pope sought to stamp out every sign of free thought or ideas that were contrary to the teachings of the Church. The growing fear of Protestantism was also instrumental Clement VII in the new climate, but the fear of the Emperor after the Sack and the Spanish meant that the Inquisition became all-pervasive in Italian society. This was to have a devastating impact on the Renaissance. This cultural flourishing was premised on an attempt to reproduce the classical world. It was mostly humanistic, secular and often overtly pagan and this was no longer possible in the aftermath of the capture of Rome in 1527.1528]]
It became increasingly difficult for Emperor Charles V was deeply embarrassed by the humanist who actions of his mutinous army. However, Charles knew that the Pope was once so influential in expressing their views a weak position, and instead of studying he saw it as an opportunity to extend his control over the ancient classics they were expected to study religious worksPapacy.<ref> Burckhardt, Chastel. p. 120212</ref> No longer could they think Successive Popes, eager to preserve Italian independence and write freely as by the mid-1500s they were intimidated by their own, had allied themselves with the Inquisition. The new emphasis on religious orthodoxy meant that many noble patrons were unwilling French to subsidize the works prevent Charles from upsetting Italy's balance of humanists who expressed ‘pagan’ ideaspower.
Charles V now used the weakened position of Pope Clement to ensure that the Papacy was no longer able to resist Imperial interests in Italy. After the Sack of Rome, Pope Clement was too afraid of Charles V the Sack to adopt an independent policy of the Emperor. This policy was to have momentous consequences not only for the Church but also for Europe's history. In the aftermath of the Sack, the Popes were very reluctant to go against the wishes of the Emperor and, after his abdication, the Spanish monarchs, who inherited the most significant part of Charles V territories.<ref> Tuchman, p. 347</ref>
 
The Popes increasingly shadowed the Spanish monarchy's policies, especially when it came to the enforcement of religious orthodoxy. Before 1527, the Pope had been arguably just another secular ruler. After the Sack of Rome, the Pope, under pressure from first Charles V and later Spanish monarchs such as Phillip II became more interested in the clerical discipline and religious orthodoxy than previously. This was to have serious repercussions for Italian society and its culture.<ref>Burckhardt, Jacob, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/014044534X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=014044534X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=63c0a4b8b6e06474ca12c3c017e8285d The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy]</i> (London, Penguin, 1992), p. 112</ref>
 
The Pope's insistence on religious orthodoxy meant that freethought and secular values were increasingly challenged in the aftermath of Rome's Sack. The Inquisition became more active, as the Pope sought to stamp out every sign of free thought or ideas contrary to the teachings of the Church. The growing fear of Protestantism was also instrumental in the new climate. Still, the fear of the Emperor after the Sack and the Spanish meant that the Inquisition became all-pervasive in Italian society. This was to have a devastating impact on the Renaissance. This cultural flourishing was premised on an attempt to reproduce the classical world. It was mostly humanistic, secular, and often overtly pagan, and this was no longer possible in the aftermath of Rome's capture in 1527.
 
It became increasingly difficult for the humanist who was once so influential to express their views. Instead of studying the ancient classics, they were expected to study religious works.<ref> Burckhardt, p. 120</ref> No longer could they think and write freely as by the mid-1500s, and they were intimidated by the Inquisition. The new emphasis on religious orthodoxy meant that many noble patrons were unwilling to subsidize the humanists' works who expressed ‘pagan’ ideas.
<dh-ad/>
==The Implications of Spanish Dominationover Italy==The Popes had long opposed the ambitions of the Holy Roman Emperor 's ambitions, and the Spanish , whom they believed correctly , wanted to dominate Italy.<ref> Duffy, Eoin, <i>History of the Popes</i> (London, Penguin, 2005), p. 267</ref> The Papacy was pivotal to the Italian resistance to the ambitions of the Spanish. This changed after the Sack of Rome in 1527, the . The Pope was cowed and , to an extent , meekly followed the policies of Charles V, they . They also ceased resisting his growing control. This after After the death, this enabled Charles V’s, heir to established establish de-facto control over Italy, except for Venice. The Pope had bankrolled the armies that had been pivotal to the Italian resistance to outsiders , and after 1527, this was no longer possible. The Papacy, had been practically bankrupted by the Sack and no longer could offer the financial support needed by the City-States to recruit armies, which were mainly composed of mercenary soldiers. By 1550 the Spanish Monarch, Phillip II was the dominant influence in Italy and not the Pope. The Spanish control lead to a loss of political and individual freedom and this dealt a blow to the Renaissance as increasingly artists and thinkers were unable to create the worked they wanted or to freely express their own ideas and opinions.<ref> Burke, Peter. <i>The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy Princeton</i> (Princeton University Press, 1999) p. 6 </ref>
The sack practically bankrupted the Papacy and it could no longer offer the financial support needed by the City-States to recruit armies, which were mainly composed of mercenary soldiers. By 1550 the Spanish Monarch, Phillip II, was the dominant influence in Italy and not the Pope. Spanish control led to an erosion of political and individual freedoms. This dealt a blow to the Renaissance as artists and thinkers could not create the work they wanted or freely express their ideas and opinions.<ref> Burke, Peter. <i>The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy Princeton</i> (Princeton University Press, 1999) p. 6 </ref> == The End of Renaissance Rome?==
[[File: Papacy 2.jpg|thumbnail|350px|left|St Peter’s Basilica]]
Prior to Before 1527, Rome had become arguably the centre center of the Renaissance. Milan had been devastated by successive military occupations, while Florence had been destabilised destabilized and impoverished by twenty years of internal conflict. Apart from Venice, only the Pope had the means to sponsor and commission works of art. The Papal Court was extremely wealthy , and the Pope became the patron of many of the greatest artists of the time, such as Michelangelo and Raphael. This was especially the case after the 1500s because of a dramatic change in the economy. After Columbus discovered America in 1492, the Italian economy went into a gradual but a steep decline, that was noticeable by 1527. New trade routes were established in the Atlantic and the trade of the Mediterranean dropped off. This led to less money being spent on art in Italy.<ref> Burke, p. 113</ref> The Papacy had could continue to support artists and writers, as its main revenue streams were from pilgrims and Church taxes, which Popes such as Clement VII, continued to spend on commissioning great works of art or on architecture, such as the ‘re-building of St Peter’s Basilica.'<ref> Burke, p 119</ref>
After Columbus discovered America in 1492, the Italian economy went into a gradual but steep decline, which was noticeable by 1527. New trade routes were established in the Atlantic, and the trade of the Mediterranean dropped off. This led to less money being spent on art in Italy.<ref> Burke, p. 113</ref> The Papacy had could continue to support artists and writers, as its main revenue streams were from pilgrims and Church taxes. The capture popes, such as Clement VII, continued to commission works of art or on architecture, such as the ‘rebuilding of St Peter’s Basilica.'<ref>Burke, p 119</ref>  Rome 's capture and the occupation by the Imperial army 's occupation caused massive economic dislocation and much . Much of the city’s wealth was spent on ransoms or stolen. Rome was devastated by the Sack and its aftermath. The city population of the city feel fell dramatically; it was approximately 55,000 before 1527 but was only estimated to be 10,000 the following year. The city’s economy was in ruins and the . The Colonna family revolted in the Papal States and established a virtual virtually independent principality. Following the end of the occupation of Rome, a plague decimated the survivors.  Rome was in a state of collapse , and the Sack had set the city back by a century. The Pope could no longer afford to pay artists and writers , and they gradually drifted away from the city. The capture of Rome in 1527, ended the Renaissance in Rome which had become the one of the last centres centers of the great cultural flourishing in Italy.<ref>Ruggiero, Guido. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521719380/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521719380&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=099fc32a1ba347508fdb90b622912ce0 The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento]</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 648 </ref>
==Conclusion==
The Sack of Rome is often considered the end of the Renaissance. The brutal seizure of the Eternal City and the subsequent eight-month occupation by a band of mutinous rebellious soldiers changed the Papacy and indeed Italy. The Papacy was no longer able to resist Spanish domination , and it increasingly followed the policies of first Charles V and later Phillip II. This led to increasing efforts by the Pope, through the Office of the Inquisition to enforce Religious Orthodoxy. The Sack of Rome, shattered the city’s economy , and no longer were was the Pope’s able ability to spend lavishly on buildings, books , and works of art. These factors changed Italian society.  It was no longer as open or free , and artists and writers became afraid to express their opinions. The secular and human values espoused by the Renaissance were no longer were acceptable in the new and increasingly intolerant atmosphere. The Sack destroyed the last centre center in Italy that could to provide the artists and writers' wealth and patronage needs by artists and writers. As Spain increasingly dominated the City-States of Italy and the old liberal atmosphere that contributed so much to the Renaissance was ended. The Sack of Rome in 1527 did not suddenly end stop the Renaissance , but it did help to hasten its demise.
====References====
<references/>
 <div class="portal" style="'float:left; width:8535%;"'>====Related DailyHistory.org Articles====
*[[What was Pope Julius IIs contribution to Renaissance Italy?]]
*[[How did the Bubonic Plague make the Italian Renaissance possible?]]
*[[What was the Borgias contribution to Renaissance Italy?]]
</div>
 
{{Mediawiki:Renaissance History}}
[[Category:Italian History]] [[Category:Renaissance History]] [[Category:European History]][[category:wikis]]
{{Contributors}}

Navigation menu