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[[File: Andrew_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl_1837.jpg|thumbnail|275px|left| Andrew Jackson (1837) by Ralph E. W. Earl]]

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The first piece of legislation passed after Jackson took office was the 1830 Indian Removal Act. The 1830 Act was just a first step in a long process that forced Native American off their land to make way white settlers.

In general terms====Cherokee Legal Opposition====The Cherokee Nation resisted, however, Jackson’s government succeededchallenging in court the Georgia laws that restricted their freedoms on tribal lands. By the end of In his presidency, he had signed into law almost seventy removal treaties, 1831 ruling on Cherokee Nation v. the result State of which was to move nearly 50Georgia,000 eastern Indians to Chief Justice John Marshall declared that “the Indian Territory—defined as the region belonging territory is admitted to compose a part of the United States west of ,” and affirmed that the Mississippi River but excluding the states of Missouri tribes were “domestic dependent nations” and Iowa as well as “their relation to the Territory United States resembles that of Arkansas—and open millions of acres of rich land east of the Mississippi a ward to white settlershis guardian. Despite ” However, the vastness of following year the Supreme Court reversed itself and ruled that Indian Territory, tribes were indeed sovereign and immune from Georgia laws. President Jackson nonetheless refused to heed the government intended that the Indians’ destination would be a more confined area—what later became eastern OklahomaCourt’s decision.

====The Treaty of New Echota Splits the Cherokee Legal OppositionNation====The A minority faction of the Cherokee Nation resisted, however, challenging in court the Georgia laws nation led by John Ridge realized that restricted there was little they could do to prevent removal from their freedoms on tribal lands. In his 1831 ruling on Cherokee Nation v. the State Instead of Georgiafighting it, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that “the Indian territory is admitted they decided to compose negotiate a part of treaty with the United States,” and affirmed that to get the tribes were “domestic dependent nations” best terms possible. The Cherokee Nation divided on between Ridge's Treaty Party and “their relation John Ross's National Party. A delegation was sent to the United States resembles that of negotiate a ward to his guardian.” However, the following year the Supreme Court reversed itself Treaty and ruled that Indian tribes they ultimately were indeed sovereign promised $5 million dollars and immune from Georgia laws. President Jackson nonetheless refused the right to heed hold the Court’s decisionlands in modern-day Oklahoma in perpetuity. He obtained Ridge's group agreed to the signature of a Cherokee chief agreeing to relocation in terms and received approval from the Treaty of Party in New Echota, which . Congress then ratified against the protests of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay in 1835. The Cherokee signing party represented only a faction of the Cherokee, and the majority followed Principal Chief John Ross in a desperate attempt to hold onto their land. This attempt faltered in 1838, when, under the guns of federal troops and Georgia state militia, the Cherokee tribe were forced to the dry plains across the Mississippi.

To achieve his purpose, Jackson encouraged Congress to adopt the Removal Act of 1830. The Act established a process whereby the President could grant land west of the Mississippi River to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands. As incentives, the law allowed the Indians financial and material assistance to travel to their new locations and start new lives and guaranteed that the Indians would live on their new property under the protection of the United States Government forever. With the Act in place, Jackson and his followers were free to persuade, bribe, and threaten tribes into signing removal treaties and leaving the Southeast. With the exception of a small number of Seminoles still resisting removal in Florida, by the 1840s, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, no Indian tribes resided in the American South.  In general terms, Jackson’s government succeeded. By the end of his presidency, he had signed into law almost seventy removal treaties, the result of which was to move nearly 50,000 eastern Indians to Indian Territory—defined as the region belonging to the United States west of the Mississippi River but excluding the states of Missouri and Iowa as well as the Territory of Arkansas—and open millions of acres of rich land east of the Mississippi to white settlers. Despite the vastness of the Indian Territory, the government intended that the Indians’ destination would be a more confined area—what later became eastern Oklahoma. Through a combination of coerced treaties and the contravention of treaties and judicial determination, the United States Government succeeded in paving the way for the westward expansion and the incorporation of new territories as part of the United States.

[[Category:United States History]] [[Category:Colonial American Historyof the Early Republic]] [[Category:18th 19th Century History]] [[Category:Political History]] [[Category:Diplomatic History]][[Category:Native American History]]

* Article: [https://history.state.gov/milestones/17501830-17751860/albanyindian-plantreaties| Indian Treaties and the Removal Act of 1830https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/indian-treaties]