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Is the Film the Prince of Egypt Historically Accurate

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[[File: Prince_of_egypt.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|The Prince of Egypt]]__NOTOC__When one considers the historical accuracy of the many films that depict the biblical Exodus, the 1998 animated film <i>The Prince of Egypt</i> is often overlooked. Unfortunately, perhaps because it is animated, many people tend to see the film, starring Val Kilmer as Moses and Ralph Fiennes as Ramesses II, as less serious and therefore less historically accurate, but that is a mistake. A review of <i>The Prince of Egypt</i> shows that just like all the other films about the Exodus, there are plenty of historical facts and some fictions. The film follows the biblical account of the Exodus fairly close, closer than some other films, and correctly portrays many details of New Kingdom Egypt, while adding its own a healthy dose of fiction to make it an enjoyable family film.
====Historical Fact in the Film====The film takes place primarily during the rule of the Egyptian King Ramesses II (ruled ca. 1279-1213 BC), who was the third king of the Nineteenth Dynasty during the New Kingdom. Today, based on the available primary sources and archaeological data, most biblical archaeologists and Egyptologists believe that the historical Exodus took place during the reign of Ramesses II. Exodus 1:11 mentions that the Hebrews aided in building the cities of Pithom and Rameses, which helps narrow the time and place down considerably. Although there were eleven kings named Ramesses, only one, Ramesses II, had a city named after him, so, therefore, the events must have taken place during his reign. <ref> Kitchen, Kenneth A. <i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament.</i> (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 2003), p. 255</ref> So the film accurately places the events in the proper period, and further examination reveals that it also depicts many details from the period correctly.  Since the film was made for a family audience, there is less emphasis on warfare than there are in other films about the biblical Exodus. With that said, there are still some references to ancient Egyptian weapons and warfare made throughout <i>The Prince of Egypt</i>. The Egyptians are shown using sickle or “khephish” swords throughout the film, which is an accurate portrayal of the type of weapons that were used in the Late Bronze Age Near East.  Archaeological evidence shows that the Egyptians imported the sickle sword from the Levant in the early New Kingdom (ca. 1500 BC) and pictorial evidence in the form of temple reliefs from Egypt shows that along with the bow, it was the primary weapon of the Egyptian army by the time of Ramesses II. The film also features chariots heavily, which is also historically accurate. The chariot was the backbone of the Egyptian army of the period and was the elite corps of the military. The pharaohs would ride into battle on their chariots and fight alongside their troops. <ref> Spalinger, Anthony. <i>War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom.</i> Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2005), pgs. 17-23; 198-201</ref>
[[File: Abydos.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|Seti I with Ramesses II Offering to the Kings of Egypt at the Abydos Temple. Ramesses Is the Smaller Figure Wearing the Side Lock of Youth.]]
The film takes place primarily during the rule of the Egyptian King Ramesses II (ruled ca. 1279-1213 BC)Another interesting detail, who was the third king of the Nineteenth Dynasty during the New Kingdom. Todayalbeit not a very important one, based on the available primary sources film gets correct is when Ramesses and archaeological data, most biblical archaeologists and Egyptologists believe that later his son is shown wearing the historical Exodus took place during the reign so-called “side lock of Ramesses IIyouth. Exodus 1:11 mentions ” The side lock of youth was a hairstyle in ancient Egypt that was designated primarily for male adolescents. The style was made by simply shaving the Hebrews aided in building the cities of Pithom child’s head and Rameses, which helps narrow leaving a braid on the time side and place down considerablywas portrayed in numerous reliefs from different periods in ancient Egyptian history. Although there were eleven kings named Ramesses, only one, Ramesses II, had a city named after him, so therefore is perhaps most famously shown wearing the events must have taken place during hairstyle as he gives offerings with his reign. <ref> Kitchenfather, Kenneth A. <i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament.</i> Seti I (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William Bruled ca. Eerdmans, 20031294-1279 BC), p. 255</ref> So to the film accurately places the events previous Egyptian kings in the proper period and further examination reveals that it also depicts many details relief from the period correctlyAbydos Temple.
Since The gods Horus and Khons were often depicted wearing side locks, and since Horus was the film god of kingship, it was made for a family audience, there is less emphasis on warfare than there are probably connected to nobility in other films about the biblical Exodussome way. With that said<ref> Shaw, Ian, there are still a number of references to ancient Egyptian weapons and warfare made throughout Paul Nicholson. <i>The Prince Dictionary of Ancient Egypt.</i>(London: Harry N. Abrams, 1995), p. 270 </ref> The Egyptians are side lock was exclusively shown using sickle or “khephish” swords throughout the film, which is an accurate portrayal of the type of weapons that were used in the Late Bronze Age Near East. Archaeological evidence shows that the Egyptians imported the sickle sword from the Levant being worn by children in the early New Kingdom (ca. 1500 BC) art and pictorial further evidence of its connection to youth is found in the form of temple reliefs from Egypt shows that along with the bow, it was the primary weapon of the Egyptian army by the time of Ramesses IIlanguage. The film also feature chariots heavilyEgyptian words for childhood, which is also historically accurate. The chariot was the backbone of the Egyptian army of the period <i>kherdew</i> and was the elite corps <i>nekhnew</i>, used a determinative sign of a child with the military. The pharaohs would ride into battle on their chariots and fight alongside their troopsside lock after each word. <ref> SpalingerFaulkner, AnthonyRaymond O. <i>War in Ancient Egypt: The New KingdomA Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian.</i> Malden, Massachusetts(Oxford: BlackwellGriffith Institute, 20051999), pgs. 17-23138; 198-201204 </ref>
Another interesting detail, albeit not a very important one, that the film gets correct is when Ramesses and later his son is shown wearing the so-called “side lock of youth.” The side lock of youth was a hairstyle correctly depicts life in ancient Egypt that was designated primarily for male adolescentshappens so quickly many would miss it. The style was made by simply shaving the child’s head As Ramesses and leaving a braid on the side and was portrayed in numerous reliefs from different periods in ancient Egyptian history. Ramesses II is perhaps most famously shown wearing Moses are chasing each other about the hairstyle as he gives offerings with his fathertown, Seti I (ruled ca. 1294-1279 BC)they go past two men playing a board game, to which the previous Egyptian kings in a relief from the Abydos Temple. The gods Horus and Khons were often depicted wearing side locks and since Horus was the god of kingship, it was probably connected to nobility in some way. <ref> Shaw, Ian, and Paul Nicholson. Egyptians knew as <i>The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt.senet</i> (London: Harry N. AbramsAlthough intact senet boards have been discovered along with playing pieces, 1995)unfortunately, pno directions were found with them, so the rules of the game remain a mystery. 270 </ref> The side lock It was exclusively shown being worn by children probably the first board game played in art world history and further evidence of its connection to youth is found in judging by the languageamount discovered; it was quite popular. The Egyptian words for childhood, <i>kherdew</iref> Shaw and <i>nekhnew</i>Nicholson, used a determinative sign of a child with the side lock after each wordp. <ref> Faulkner, Raymond O. <i>A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian.</i> (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1999), pgs. 138; 204 107</ref>
Another interesting A final detail of pharaonic culture that the film correctly depicts about life in ancient shows, to a certain degree, is when Ramesses is chasing the Hebrews from Egypt happens so quickly many would miss it. As Ramesses and Moses are chasing each other about It shows the townEgyptian king wearing a round, they go past two men playing a board gameblue crown, which modern scholars have termed the Egyptians knew as <i>senet</i>“war crown. Although intact senet boards have been discovered along with playing pieces, unfortunately no directions were found with them so ” Due to pictorial reliefs showing different kings wearing the rules of crown on the game remain a mystery. It battlefield, it was believed for quite some time that it was probably the first board game played worn in world history and judging by the amount discoveredwar, but now it is thought that it was apparently quite popularceremonial. <ref> Shaw and Nicholson, p. 10775</ref>
A final detail of pharaonic culture that the film correctly showsOf course, to it would not be a certain degree, is when Ramesses is chasing film about the Exodus if it did not show the Hebrews from Egyptbiblical plagues. It shows The plagues are related in detail in Exodus 7-11 and to many seem to be the most unrealistic part of the Egyptian king wearing a round, blue crown, which modern scholars Exodus story. But recent studies by biblical archaeologists and Egyptologists have termed demonstrated that not only were the “war crownplagues possible but likely.” Due to pictorial reliefs showing different kings wearing During the 1950s, biblical scholar Greta Hort examined the crown plagues critically and based on the battlefieldhistory, anthropology, it was believed for quite some time that it was worn in wargeography, but now it is thought and biology came to the conclusion that it was ceremonial in naturethey were a historical reality. <ref> Shaw and NicholsonHort’s work has recently been followed up by Kitchen, pwho presents a cogent argument for each plague. 75</ref>
Of course it would not be a film about the Exodus if it did not show the biblical plagues. The plagues are related in detail in Exodus 7-11 and to many seem to be the most unrealistic part of the Exodus story. But recent studies by biblical archaeologists and Egyptologists have demonstrated that not only were the plagues possible, but probable to a certain extent. During the 1950s, biblical scholar Greta Hort examined the plagues critically and based on history, anthropology, geography, and biology, came to the conclusion that they were a historical reality. Hort’s work has recently been followed up by Kitchen, who presents a cogent argument for each plague. The Hort/Kitchen theory asserts that the blood was caused by oxygen fluctuations in the Nile River, which killed much of the fish, sending a horde frogs from the river. The dead and dying frogs brought forth a lice infestation , and the excessive excess water from the seasonal flooding brought more insects that in turn infected the livestock with anthrax. Locusts arrived from the southeast, as they often did every few years. The darkness was the result of seasonal winds in March or April. The children would have been the most susceptible to the plague, but no one, including the Hebrews, could have escaped unharmed. All of it began in July or August during the annual inundation of the Nile River and ended about nine months later. <ref> Kitchen, p. 251</ref>
One final point of ancient Egyptian history that <i>The Prince of Egypt</i> properly captured was the use of sand ramps to build monuments. The ramps are shown in numerous scenes in the film, such as when Ramesses and Moses ride their chariots up a large one. It is known that the Egyptians used ramps during the Old Kingdom (ca. 2575-2150 BC) to carry blocks as they built the pyramids. During the Old Kingdom, the Egyptians did not have the wheel , so they improvised by pulling the limestone blocks on sleds up sand ramps. Once the project was finished the sand could either be removed or the desert winds would eventually blow it away. <ref> Lehner, Mark. <i>The Complete Pyramids.</i> (London: Thames and Hudson, 2001), p. 215-17</ref> The techniques the Egyptians used to build their monumental temples in the New Kingdom were essentially the same.
====Historical Fiction in the Film====
[[File: Senet_Tut.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|King Tutankhamun’s (King Tut) Senet Board.]]
One of the primary points in the film that has a little fact and fiction in it is the very presence of the Hebrews in Egypt in the New Kingdom and their treatment. The film and the book of Exodus depict a large number of Hebrews slaving away to build temples for their cruel Egyptian overlords. It is known that large numbers of Canaanites and other foreign peoples began migrating to Egypt during the Middle Kingdom (ca. 1975-1640 BC) and that those numbers increased even more during the New Kingdom. Reliefs in the tomb of the New Kingdom noble Rekhmira show foreign workers, possibly slaves, making bricks, which does echo the story in the Exodus and the movie. <ref> Kitchen, p. 247</ref> With that said, the Egyptians never practiced mass or chattel slave like it was practiced in the modern world. <ref> Shaw and Nicholson, p. 272</ref> So this depiction of the Hebrews being worked to death is partially true. There very well may have been Hebrew slaves in Egypt, possibly thousands, but they would not have been segregated and would have instead been working alongside slaves and workers from other lands, as well as native Egyptians.
One of the details in the film that was more anachronistic as opposed to being an outright fiction was the prominence of camels. Yes, camels were a major part of travel and sometimes warfare in the pre-modern Middle East, which included Egypt, but in the Late Bronze Age , they were primarily used as pack animals and for food. It was not until after the Bronze Age when they were first ridden as they were in the film. <ref> Drews, Robert. <i>The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 120 BC.</i> (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1993), p. 165</ref>  Perhaps the biggest historical inaccuracy shown in the film is the relief in the temple that depicts Hebrew children being thrown into the Nile River. Although the Egyptians were known to do some brutal things in warfare just as other people in the region and period did, there is no evidence that they ever threw their enemies’ children into the Nile. There is no evidence that the Egyptians practiced infanticide either. The Egyptians only memorialized their battlefield victories and slaughtering the children of their vanquished enemy would certainly not be something they would have written about or depicted in art. <ref> Kitchen, p. 246</ref>
Perhaps the biggest historical inaccuracy shown in the ====Conclusion====The film <i>The Prince of Egypt</i> is an animated portrayal of the relief in the temple biblical Exodus story that is complete with some great animation, good music, and quality writing. It accurately depicts Hebrew children being thrown into the Nile River. Although the Egyptians were known to do some brutal things many elements of life in warfare just as other people New Kingdom Egypt, but in the region and period didquest for dramatic effect, there is no evidence that they ever threw their enemies’ children into the Nileit gets a couple of things noticeably wrong. In factStill, there this is no evidence a quality film that anyone interested in the Egyptians practiced infanticide either. The Egyptians only memorialized their battlefield victories and slaughtering history of the children of their vanquished enemy would certainly not be something they would have written about Late Bronze Age or depicted in art. <ref> Kitchen, pancient Egypt is sure to enjoy. 246</ref>
<div class="portal" style==Conclusion===The film <i>The Prince of Egypt</i"width:85%;"> is an animated portrayal of the biblical Exodus story that is complete with some great animation, good music, and quality writing. It accurately depicts many elements of life in New Kingdom Egypt, but in the quest for dramatic effect it gets a couple of things noticeably wrong. Still, this is a quality film that anyone interested in the history of the Late Bronze Age or ancient Egypt is sure to enjoy.
===References=Related DailyHistory.org Articles===={{#dpl:category=Historically Accurate|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=7}}</div>
====References====
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[[Category: Historically Accurate]] [[Category: Ancient History]] [[Category: Ancient Egyptian History]] [[Category: Biblical History]][[Category:Wikis]]{{Contributors}}
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