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==Byzantine-Rus contacts==
It appears that the Rus dominated the trade routes between northern Europe and the Black Sea and that their merchants acted as middlemen specifically in the fur trade. It also appears that Rus merchants often visited the spectacular city of Byzantium. However, the Byzantines preoccupied with the Bulgars and the Arab threats that they paid little attention to the growing power of Rus. However, this was to change in 860 when the Rus raided the environs of Byzantium before being beaten back. In 941, the Rus threatened the Christian Empire with invasion, but a peace agreement prevents war<ref>, John Julius Norwich. Byzantium, The Apogee (London, Penguin Books, 1992), p 145</ref>. This treaty led to the development of more trade and it appears that Christians missionaries began to follow the merchants and brought the Gospel to the people of the Steppe. However, in 970 A.D under Grand Prince Syratalov, the Rus after conquering the Bulgar Empire invaded Byzantium. It took two years of hard fighting for the Byzantines to defeat the Rus. All the time it appears that Byzantine cultural influence penetrated into Kievan Rus, as the first Russian state was known. It seems that a mother of a Grand Prince, Olga was baptized by Byzantine missionaries. The Grand Princess Olga ruled as regent for her son Syratalov, however despite his mothers’ influence he remained an avowed pagan. Christianity was slowly growing in Rus, but it remained overwhelmingly pagan <ref>Norwich, p 67</ref>. This was to change in around 1000 AD, when Basil II and Grand Prince Vladimir of Kiev (958-1015 AD) came to an arrangement. The Rus leader agreed to support Basil in his civil war with a rebel in return for the hand of his sister in marriage. As part of this bargain, Vladimir agreed to convert to Greek Orthodox Christianity. Vladimir under the influence of his wife became a zealous Christian and the Grand Prince personally tossed pagan idols into a river<ref>Norwich, p 71</ref>. The Grand Prince is today recognized as a saint in the Orthodox Church. It is widely believed that Vladimir used the Christian Church to unify his realm. Like many other ‘state-builders’ Vladimir used religion to extend his own power and to discipline his people. After the death of Vladimir, the Kiev Rus state flourished for several more decades until the Empire began to fragment because of a series of succession disputes. The interactions between the Byzantine Empire and the various Russian states that emerged in the wake of the fall of the Kievan Rus continued for some centuries but was interrupted by the Mongols conquest of the Russian principalities.
[[File: Rus 3.jpg|200px|thumb|left| A good example of Byzantine influence on Russian architecture, the Dormition Cathedral in Vladimir (1186—1189)]]
== The Orthodox Church==
The adoption of the Byzantine version of Christianity, which is now known as Orthodox Christianity by Grand Prince Vladimir was revolutionary. Vladimir and his successors modeled the Russian church on the Orthodox Church. Its hierarchy and organization were identical to that of Byzantium and so too was its theology and rituals. Initially, the Patriarch of Constantinople appointed the head of the Russian Church, whose seat was originally Kiev but later in Moscow. It should be noted that Christianity did not supplant paganism but often integrated it into its religious calendar and festivities<ref>Billington, James. Icon and Axe: An Interpretative History of Russian Culture. (London, Vintage, 2010),p. 101</ref>. Subsequent to the conversion of Vladimir, churches, and monasteries began to develop and soon became very important landowners and a dominant force in Russian society. The teachings of the Orthodox Church over time became very influential and began to change society and for instance, helped to improve the status of women. <ref>Angold, Michael. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204: a political history (New York, Longman Publishing Group, 1997), p 118</ref>. The Orthodox Church in Russia, following the pattern of the Byzantine Church, saw itself as distinct from the West and Latin Christendom<ref> Shepard, J. The expansion of Orthodox Europe: Byzantium, the Balkans and Russia (London, Routledge, 2017), p 116</ref> This was to result in a Russia remaining outside the orbit of Europe for many centuries, in order to preserve the purity of the Orthodox faith. It also ensured that the Orthodox faith, patterned on Byzantine practices became central to Russian national identity.
