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__NOTOC__[[File:800px-Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1797).jpg|thumb|left|250px|Figure 1. Mary Wollstonecraft arguably was one of the first modern writers advocating for feminist causes.]]While there is no clear consensus as to when 'first wave' feminism occurred, most accept that in the 19th century, as industrialization progressed, and new mass movement began, first wave 1st Wave feminism emerged. The term itself was only coined in 1968 by Martha Lear, who also coined the term second wave[[What was the Second Wave Feminist Movement?|Second Wave Feminism]]. There is also a [[What was the Third Wave Feminist Movement?|Third Wave Feminist Movement]] that began in 1990s. First wave Wave feminism focused on what we now consider basic issues of inequality in light of more recent developments.

====Origins of First 1st Wave Feminism====Although feminism can be argued to have its roots in many ancient periods, modern feminism begins around the late 17th and 18th centuries, during the Enlightenment in Europe. One of the early feminists was Mary Wollstonecraft, who mostly wrote in the late 18th century (Figure 1). She was heavily influenced by Rousseau and French political thinkers who began to advocate that societies, and individuals specifically, should have rights that the state provides. Individual rights, separate from teaching from the church, began to become a key focus for philosophers during this period. Individual liberty, as argued, was to be upheld by the state. Similarly, English philosophers, such as John Locke living earlier, had taken up similar ideas.

Mary Wollstonecraft, living in the late 18th century, was heavily influenced by Rousseau and French political thinkers who began to advocate that societies, and individuals specifically, should have rights that the state provides. Individual liberty, as argued, was to be upheld by the state. Similarly, English philosophers, such as John Locke living earlier, had taken up similar ideas. However, philosophers and writers often ignored women and Wollstonecraft was among the first to call for gender equality. She believed reason and education should be the foundation of social orderthat included equality for women. Her books (<i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/019955546X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=019955546X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=f7ede341ed268d1f21573c5f2e2ef23d A Vindication of the Rights of Women]</i>, published in 1792, and <i>Maria, or the Wrongs of Women</i>,published in 1798, were often controversial in their day but also demonstrated her ideas. She saw the lack of focus in educating women as making them appear less informed as men in society. Although we see her views as largely expected and normal today, for over a century her writings and influence were minimized or even avoided by later feminists due to the morals of the day. She had at least two highly publicized affairs that produced at least one child out of wedlockand was explicit about her sexuality. The focus on her behavior, rather than ideas, unfortunately , diminished her influence in the early 19th century as feminists ideas increasingly emerged.<ref>For more on Wollstonecraft, see: Taylor, B. (2003). <i>Mary Wollstonecraft and the feminist imagination</i>. Cambridge, U.K. ; New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref>

====The 19th century also emerged as a period Birth of emancipation, not only in the US, which was relatively late in freeing their slaves, but also in the UK, other European countries Social Reform Movement====[[File:Suffragettes-1921.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure 2. The suffrage movement and in suffragettes helped create momentum for the Americas. This led right to the emergence of vote for women, who had campaigned for the freeing of slaves, to develop their own political thoughts and ideas about what emancipation really meant. ]]In the United States, mid-early 19th century women emerged advocating emancipation for slaves , temperance and soon greater freedom for women comparable compared to men. These campaigns were a direct outgrowth of the [[What was the Second Great Awakening?|Second Great Awakening]]. The Seneca Convention, Second Great Awakening in 1844, the United States (1790-1830) was the first organized convention to discuss social, civil, and a religious condition and rights of women. This was led by Quakers, who were also leading abolitionist. Prominent women revival that began not only brought in new converts to emerge included Sojourner TruthChristianity, Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Matilda Joslyn Gage, and, among but it inspired female reformers in the most well know, Susan Brownell AnthonyUnited States. Interestingly, many early congresses calling for the emancipation The leaders of slaves often shunned women or gave them secondary roles. One key obstacle was many this Christian movement argued that people had interpreted control over their faith lives and salvation in opposition to stand against slavery, but at views of the same time they saw had God created the sexes differentlyexisting Calvinist churches. This contradictionAs part of this movement, therefore, became an obstacle women were encouraged to build new churches and push for early feministsmoral reforms in the United States.<ref>For early 19th century feminists and the Seneca Convention, see: RoedigerFairly quickly women became moral advocates, D. R., Blatt, M. H., & Lowell Conference on Industrial History (Eds.). (1999). <i>The Meaning while most women joined the Temperance Movement other were attracted to the abolition of slavery in the North</i>and expanding rights for women. New York: Garland Pub.</ref>

Elizabeth Stanton and Susan AnthonyThe Seneca Convention, after the Civil War and in 18681844, began was the first organized convention to focus on creating a platform for discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women to rally around. They created the a newspaper called <i>The Revolution</i>. This helped to rally support to what they saw was one of the first great obstacles led by Quakers, who were also leading abolitionist. Prominent women that began to greater freedomemerge from this convention and its later offshoots included [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0393317080/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0393317080&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a19ced3df0656bae40f785aceaf1aa85 Sojourner Truth], Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Matilda Joslyn Gage, and, which was among the right to votemost well know, Susan Brownell Anthony. In effectInterestingly, this helped to launch many early congresses calling for the suffrage movement in the United Statesemancipation of slaves often shunned women or gave them secondary roles. Other countries alsoOne key obstacle was many had interpreted their faith to stand against slavery, but at about the same time they saw or even earlier in some casesinterpreted that God created the sexes differently. In effect, began women were not equals to have women organizations calling for greater female men concerning rights and literature advocating voting for women. This included Scottish Marion Reidcontradiction, therefore, who began to see greater interest in became an obstacle for early feminists working within the ideals of a virtuous woman creating a repressive standard for womenabolitionist movements.<ref>For more on Stanton early 19th century feminists and Anthonythe Seneca Convention, see: StantonRoediger, ED. CR., GordonBlatt, AM. DH., & Anthony, SLowell Conference on Industrial History (Eds. B). (19971999). <i>The selected papers Meaning of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthonyslavery in the North</i>. New Brunswick, N.JYork: Rutgers University PressGarland Pub.</ref>

While some womenElizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony, such as Barbara Leigh Smith, focused on employ after the Civil War and education for womenin 1868, others saw other goals as necessary. In particular, the late 19th century was increasingly focused began to focus on obtaining voting rights creating a platform for womento rally around. To counteract the power of the church's interpretation of sex-based hierarchy, Stanton produced an influential work They created a newspaper called <i>The Woman's BibleRevolution</i>, written in 1895. Although it This publication helped to rally support to what they saw was much maligned by Biblical scholars, Stanton tried one of the first great obstacles to argue for equality using the Bible. The National Woman Suffrage Association, already established by 1869, became a prominent organizations advocating for woman suffragegreater freedom, which took more radical approaches, such as rejecting was the 15th Amendment unless it included woman suffrageright to vote. The other major movement was American Woman Suffrage AssociationIn effect, which advocated for state by stat campaigning this helped to achieve launch the suffrage. There was a wide split among feminists regarding movement in the approachUnited States. HoweverOther countries also, at about the same time or even earlier in the late 19th century it became clear that having rival groups weakened the suffrage some cases, began to have women organizations calling for greater female rights and literature advocating voting for women. This movement. In 1890included Scottish activist Marion Reid, the two groups merged who collaborated with American feminists and formed began to see that greater interest in the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)ideals of a virtuous woman in Victorian Britain creating a repressive standard for women.<ref>For more on emerging suffrage movements in the late 19th centuryStanton and Anthony, see: TetraultStanton, E. C., LGordon, A. D., & Anthony, S. B. (20141997). <i>The myth selected papers of Seneca Falls: memory Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the women’s suffrage movement, 1848-1898Susan B. Anthony</i>. Chapel HillNew Brunswick, N.J: The Rutgers University of North Carolina Press.</ref>

In 1869While some women, John Allen Campbellsuch as Barbara Leigh Smith, the first Governor of the Wyoming, granted focused on employment and education for women the right as critical areas to votefocus on, making Wyoming the first territory or state women had specific laws that expressed their rights to vote. The National Woman's Party emerged in 1916 others saw other goals as another suffrage organization, which broke from the NAWSA, which had focused only on states rather than any federal laws. They held high profile protests in front more of the White House during World War Ia key focus. Although their protests were often ignoredIncreasingly, arguably effort by women during the war, mostly in replacing men in factories, helped many more feminists began to see that women did have equal skills to menobtaining voting rights was perhaps among the most important steps before other rights could be secured. This helped to persuade, along with Throughout the feminist organisations19th century, many Biblical interpretation of women's role in congress that women should have the right house and family prevented their ability to voteadvance feminist ideals. Congress passed To counteract the 19th Amendment in 1919 and enough states ratified power of the amendment by 1920church's or some religious interpretation of sex-based hierarchy, Stanton produced an influential work called <i>The Woman's Bible</i>, making right for women to vote legal in the United States written in 19201895. While the process itself Although it was contentious, often with hunger strikes and even mob violence, sometime much maligned by both sides in the argumentBiblical scholars, there continued to be problems in the 1920s. Some regions Stanton tried to argue for equality using the 19th Amendment was unconstitutional and tried Bible. This helped to bar women from holding office or voting. Neverthelessprovide some religious justification, with the gradual acceptance of women as votersat least for some, what can be considered the First Wave of for emerging feminism had culminated in achieving a major success for women.<ref>For more on the late 19th century and early 20th century path for women in gaining the right to vote, see: Smith, K. Mperiod. (1994). <i>New paths to power: American women, 1890-1920</i> New York: Oxford University Press. </ref>

==First Wave Around Furthermore, the World==National Woman Suffrage Association, already established by 1869, became a prominent organization advocating for woman suffrage, which took more radical approaches, such as rejecting the 15th Amendment unless it included woman suffrage. The other significant movement was American Woman Suffrage Association, which advocated for state by stat campaigning to achieve suffrage. There was a full split among feminists regarding the approach. However, in the late 19th century it became clear that having rival groups weakened the suffrage movement. In 1890, the two groups merged and formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).<ref>For more on emerging suffrage movements in the late 19th century, see: Tetrault, L. (2014). <i>The myth of Seneca Falls: memory and the women’s suffrage movement, 1848-1898</i>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.</ref>

In Denmark1869, they John Allen Campbell, the first Governor of Wyoming, granted women the right to vote, making Wyoming the first territory or state women had already achieved not only voting rights but equal rights specific laws that protected a womanexpressed their rights to vote. The National Woman's access to educationParty emerged in 1916 as another suffrage organization, work and marital rights during which broke from the 1920sNAWSA, which had focused only on states rather than any federal laws. In effectThey held high profile protests in front of the White House during World War I, as they had begun saw targeting the federal government as the most expedient way to move gain the right to topics that only vote. Although their protests were more fully addressed often ignored, arguably effort by second wave feminists women during the war, mostly in replacing men in factories, helped many to see that women did have equal skills to men. This helped to persuade, along with the feminist organizations, many in other countries by Congress that women should have the 1960sright to vote.

In IranCongress passed the 19th Amendment in 1919, at and enough states ratified the time of amendment by 1920, making the right for women to vote legal in the Seneca Falls convention, United States in 18481920. While the process itself was contentious, a religious movementoften with hunger strikes and even mob violence, called Babismsometimes by both sides in the argument, represented a view that God wanted women there continued to be equal to men and had been among the earliest religious movements problems in the Islamic 1920s. Some regions of tried to argue the Middle East 19th Amendment was unconstitutional and tried to advocate bar women from holding office or voting. Nevertheless, with the removal gradual acceptance of veils and greater freedom for women. The movement helped eventually start Bahaismas voters, what can be considered the First Wave of feminism had culminated in achieving a religious idea that sought unity among many religions and also advocated greater roles and equality major success for women(Figure 2). Although these movements have largely been suppressed, it helped to launch or influence feminist ideas in non-Western regions. In Russia and China, <ref>For more on the rise of socialist late 19th century and eventually Communism helped to create greater feminist equality. Although Women did gain early 20th century path for women in gaining the right to vote and be considered equal to men in Soviet society, voting was restricted to the Communist partysee: Smith, K. M. Women, however, gained rights in other areas that Western women did not have access to for decades(1994). This included generous maternity leave, free childcare, abortion rights, and generally had greater access <i>New paths to higher education. Howeverpower: American women, by the later half of the 20th century, women did not make as much gains in holding political power or even high1890-level job roles1920</i> New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

In ====First Wave Around the UKWorld====While there has been much focus on feminists in the United States, feminists movements had also developed in various periods, women gained most notably after the right to vote in 191818th century, although their rights were not equal until 1928. The suffragettes were often notorious for their militancy in trying to achieve their goalsmany countries. However, society had also increasingly saw that it Southern Australia was natural to have among the first places women be given could vote, where in 1895 the right to votewas achieved by women there. The UK also Catherine Spence was a prominent figure who had other restrictive laws, such as prohibition from wealthy women from controlling their property, that were not fully removed until campaigned for the late 1890svote. In <ref>For more on Australia's struggle for the 1850s, divorce became an issue that was moved right to the civil courts rather than requiring the Church to be responsible vote forwomen, see: Oldfield, A. (1992). <i>Woman suffrage in Australia: a gift or a struggle</i>? Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref>

First wave feminism was instrumental in giving In the UK, women basic rights such as gained the right to vote and even administer in 1918, although their own propertyrights were not fully equal to men until 1928. While this achieved key The suffragettes were often notorious for their militancy in trying to achieve their goals. Perhaps the most prominent agitator was Sylvia Pankhurst, a famous socialist who helped campaign for women equality and many other causes she considered part of social injustice. By the 1910s, it was evident society in countries such as the UK and the US had also increasingly saw that equality in voting did not translate it was natural to equality in have women be given the workplace or aspects of social acceptance right to vote. The UK also had other restrictive laws, such as marriageprohibition from wealthy women from controlling their property, that were not fully removed until the late 1890s. Communist states emerged as early countries In the 1850s, divorce became an issue that embraced more equality, but in was moved to the civil courts rather than requiring the West this took time as social norms began Church to change in be responsible for.<ref>For more on the context of major wars suffragettes and increasingly greater roles women played suffrage movement in societythe UK, see: Pankhurst, both in a civil and political senseE. S. (2015). This began to be evident by what eventually emerged as second wave feminists that became prominent by <i>SUFFRAGETTE: the history of the 1960swomen’s militant suffrage movement</i>. Dover Children's.</ref>

==Summary==Later Significance====First wave feminism was critical in the late 19th and early 20th centuries instrumental in giving women the right to vote and basic rights such as in to vote and even administer their property. While World War II and recovery period that saw men retaking many of their old jobs, in some ways, slowed down the roots of this feminism is not clearfeminist movement. However, new movements from by the 1960s the political climate in the Enlightenment and industrialization West began to focus on female issueschange and accept more liberal ideals. The 19th century While first wave feminists achieved their key goals, it was a time where people questioned basic rights evident in countries such as the UK and who had access the US that equality in voting did not translate to themequality in the workplace or aspects of social acceptance such as marriage. It Communist states emerged as early countries that both sexesembraced more equality, as well as different racesbut in the West, should have basic given rights such this took time as emancipation, rights social norms began to votechange in the context of major wars and increasingly greater roles women played in society, both in a civil and rights to own propertypolitical sense. Nevertheless, even though the battles key foundation for equality continued into second wave feminism required the rights earned by first wave feminists, mainly in giving women political power through the 20th centuryvote.

====Summary====First wave feminism was critical in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in giving women the right to vote and basic rights such as in property. While the roots of this feminism are not clear, new movements from the Enlightenment and industrialization began to focus on female rights and individuality. The 19th century was a time where people questioned basic rights and who had access to them. It emerged that both sexes, as well as different races, should have basic given rights such as emancipation, rights to vote, and rights to own property, even though the battles for equality continued into the 20th century. Achieving the right to vote was generally seen as the major achievement for first wave feminists.{{MediaWiki:AmNative}} ====References====<references/> Updated January 18, 2019 [[Category:Wikis]][[Category:United States History]] [[Category:Women's History]][[Category:Feminist History]] [[Category:Civil Rights History]] [[Category:19th Century History]] [[Category: European History]]