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====What was the Renaissance?====The term "Renaissance" or "rebirth" (or "''rinascita''" in Italian Renaissance ) was one coined by Giorgio Vasari around 1550 in his book <i>The Lives of the most exciting periods Artists</i>. The Renaissance started in human civilisationthe late 15th century as Italians sought to imitate the lost world of ancient Greece and Rome and move away from gothic art. It witnessed a great flourishing of the artsThe Italian, literatureartists, philosophywriters, architecture and politics. Many thinkers who all participated in the Renaissance, sought to create works that were the equal of the greatest figures in World Civilisation appeared during ancients, whom they regarded as the pinnacle of civilization.<ref>Burke, Peter. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0691162409/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0691162409&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=3e8ba646ddb55793983df78fb425f39e The Italian Renaissance : Culture and Society in Italy]'' (Princeton University Press, including Michelangelo1999), Leonardo Da Vinci, Machiavelli and Raphaelp. 6. </ref> The Renaissance’s days of glories occurred from approximately 1400-1500. HoweverRenaissance, several factors led to unlike the end of Middle Ages, stressed the Renaissance individual, reason, beauty and the end of one of the most creative periods in human historysecular values. This article will demonstrate the reasons why the Italian Renaissance endedoutlook became known as Humanism and has had a profound impact on European society.

==The Renaissance==[[File:Leonardo.jpg|thumbnail|Leonardo da Vinci|135px]]The term means ‘re-birth’. The renaissance was an effort to imitate the lost world of ancient Greece and Rome. The Italian, artists, writers and thinkers who all participated in the Renaissance, sought to create works that were the equal of the ancients, whom they regarded as the pinnacle of civilisation.<ref>Burke, Peter. ''The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy Princeton'' (Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 6.</ref> The Renaissance unlike the Middle Ages, stressed the individual, reason, beauty and secular values. This outlook became known as Humanism and has had a profound impact on European society. The Renaissance not only produced great works of art but also resulted in a dramatic change in the views of Europeans and a decisive move away from the world of the Middle Ages. The Renaissance was in many ways to lay the groundwork for the rise of the modern world and especially ‘individualism and a secular outlook.’<ref>Burke, p.9.</ref> The Renaissance was able to occur because of the unique conditions that prevailed in Italy in the period from 1400 to 1500.

The country was rich, because of [[How did the Silk Road develop?|trade ]] and industry and this meant that many wealthy Italians were willing to act as patrons of great artists. The Italian Peninsula was divided among a series of city-states.<ref>Ruggiero, Guido. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521719380/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521719380&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=90629fdde8856871bdd69f392194f543 The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 648.</ref> These were Republics and they were tolerant societies, that placed a high value on creativity in the arts and though. They were unique societies in the Europe of the time. Crucially, the influence of the church was limited in these city-states and there was generally [[What were the social factors that led to the Renaissance in Italy?|freedom of thought and expression]]. Indeed, many prominent Churchmen were active patrons of Renaissance artists, including [[What was the role of the Popes in the Renaissance?|Popes]].<ref>Ruggiero, p. 78.</ref>

==Economic Decline==When did the Italian Renaissance End?====Until 1500 Italy was at Defining when the centre of Italian Renaissance occurred is somewhat difficult, but the Mediterranean world and its vast network of trade routes. Italian traders made vast profits by acting as middlemen in most generous estimate goes from the trade between 1380s to the Muslim and Christian worlds1550s. FurthermoreTypically, the Italian clothing industry exported its goods all over the Mediterranean <ref>Ruggiero, p. 134.</ref>.The riches made enabled the elite Renaissance has been tied to fund the work fortunes of great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci Florence and RaphaelRome (especially Florence). HoweverAt the end of the 14th century, after Columbus discovered America, the Mediterranean economy went into a steep decline . New trade routes were established in collapse of the Atlantic Florentine and Roman economies due to the trade Great Famine of 13150-1317 caused by the Mediterranean dropped off. This led to less money being spent on art in Italy.<ref>LopezLittle Ice Age, Robert Sabatino, ''The Three Ages of the Italian Renaissance'' (Charlottesville: University Press disruption of Virginia, 1970), p. 89.</ref> Althoughtrade by war between England and France, and the Pope’s still continued to be great patrons devastation of the artsBlack Plague, Rome and Florence began to rebound. The relative decline in These catastrophes actually helped start the Italian economy, Renaissance because of changing trade routes, because of it was initially driven by artists such as Petrarch and Dante who began to question the Discovery authority of America, led to less money being spent on the arts and education. This Church because it had a negative impact on failed to alleviate the Renaissance and fewer great works suffering of art and literature.<ref>Lopez, p. 98Italians during these catastrophes.</ref>

==Spanish Domination==The end of the Italian is directly tied to Florence's decline and the eventual abandonment of the ideals of the Renaissance. This slow slide began with [[File:Sackofrome.jpegWhat was the impact of Charles VIIIs invasion of Italy (1494) on the Renaissance?|thumbnail|Sack the invasion of Rome by Johannes Lingelbach|250pxFlorence in 1494]]The Italian by France and gained speed as Italy broke out into warfare between its city-states were very rich but also vulnerable to their larger neighbours. The kingdoms of Europe were becoming national statesAdditionally, with a unified government like most significant political and standing armies. By the 16th centuryintellectual movements, the Italian city-states looked much weaker that large kingdoms such as France. In the 1490s, the French invaded Italy, in order Renaissance gave birth to conquer the kingdom of Naplesa significant intellectual and religious backlash. The Spanish Monarchy refused to allow By the French to dominate southern Italy <ref>Lopez1550s, p. 67.</ref>. The French army eventually retreated from the Kingdom many of Naples after a plague decimated the army. However, their invasion was to result in several decades works of war, between France literature and Spain, for art that help birth the control of first Naples and later ItalyRenaissance were banned. Over By the following decadesmid-1550s, Italy became a battleground for the first time in centuries.<ref>Lopez, 112Italian Renaissance was essentially over.</ref> This was to have a negative impact on While the Italian Renaissance. In 1527, the Spanish army sacked died in Florence and Rome and caused widespread loss of life and devastation. Eventually, the Spanishits ideas, under Phillip IIbeliefs, established Spanish domination in Italy. The Italian city-states were still technically independent, but they were under de-facto Spanish controland art had spread across Europe. The Spanish control resulted in a loss of political and individual freedom and this dealt a blow to the Renaissance These other European Renaissances continued even as increasingly artists Florence's and thinkers were unable to create the worked they wanted or to freely express their own ideas and opinionsRome's rebirth ended.

==Counter-Reformation==Florence's Economic Decline====[[File:Leonardo.jpg|thumbnail|Leonardo da Vinci|200px|left]]The Reformation began in Germany Until 1500 Italy was at the centre of the Mediterranean world and soon Protestant Churches were being established throughout Northern Europeits vast network of trade routes. This cause a crisis Italian traders made vast profits by acting as middlemen in the Catholic Church in Italy trade between the Muslim and throughout EuropeChristian worlds. Many feared that Italy would even turn Protestant. This caused a change in direction in Furthermore, the Catholic Church and led it to change Italian clothing industry exported its direction goods all over the Mediterranean. In response to the Protestant Reformation<ref>Ruggiero, the Catholic Church engaged in a series of reforms and other measuresp. These sought to make sure that Protestant teachings did not become popular134. </ref> The response of riches made enabled the Catholic Church became known as elite to fund the Counter-Reformation. One work of the most important aspects of the Counter-Reformation was the increasing role of the Inquisition in Italian Societygreat artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. Any personHowever, after Columbus discovered America, believed to be sympathetic to Protestant ideas was arrested as the Mediterranean economy went into a heretic by steep decline. New trade routes were established in the Inquisition. The Inquisition also arrested those who have opinions Atlantic and views that were contrary to the teachings trade of the ChurchMediterranean dropped off. This led to less money being spent on art in Italy. <ref>MullettLopez, Michael A.Robert Sabatino, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316532002/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316532002&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=d7834ce1e2ccb139a585310f8f29d767 The Catholic ReformationThree Ages of the Italian Renaissance]'' (RoutledgeCharlottesville: University Press of Virginia, London 19991970), p. 5689.</ref>

The Counter-Reformation Although, the [[What was Pope Julius IIs contribution to have a dramatic impact on artists, writers and scientists’ in Renaissance Italy. No longer could they discuss or express their views freely. They were afraid ?|Popes]] still continued to create any daring works, in case that they offended be great patrons of the Catholic Churcharts. In order to ensure that they did not come to The relative decline in the attention Italian economy, because of the Inquisitionchanging trade routes, they made sure that their works were suitably Catholic. The result because of the Counter-Reformation was that Italian artists worked in an environment that was repressive . This Discovery of America, led to Italy, falling behind less money being spent on the rest of Europe, intellectually arts and artistically education. It should still be remembered that Italy still produced great artists This had a negative impact on the Renaissance and thinkers such as Galileo, but they were far fewer great works of art and less originalliterature. The old humanist tradition, of the Renaissance, was abandoned, during the Counter-Reformation <ref>MulletLopez, p. 14198.</ref>

====The Rise of Spain====The Italian city-states were very rich but also vulnerable to their larger neighbors. The kingdoms of Europe were becoming national states, with a unified government and standing armies. By the 16th century, the Italian city-states looked much weaker that large kingdoms such as France. In the 1490s, [[What was the impact of Charles VIIIs invasion of Italy (1494) on the Renaissance?|the French invaded Italy]], in order to conquer the kingdom of Naples. The Spanish Monarchy refused to allow the French to dominate southern Italy <ref>Lopez, p. 67.</ref> The French army eventually retreated from the Kingdom of Naples after a plague decimated the army. However, their invasion was to result in several decades of war, between France and Spain, for the control of first Naples and later Italy.  Over the following decades, Italy became a battleground for the first time in centuries.<ref>Lopez, 112.</ref> This was to have a negative impact on the Renaissance. In 1527, the [[Did the Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Renaissance in Italy?|Spanish army sacked Rome]] and caused widespread loss of life and devastation. Eventually, the Spanish, under Phillip II, established Spanish domination in Italy. The Italian city-states were still technically independent, but they were under de-facto Spanish control. The Spanish control resulted in a loss of political and individual freedom and this dealt a blow to the Renaissance as increasingly artists and thinkers were unable to create the worked they wanted or to freely express their own ideas and opinions. ====The Impact of the Counter-Reformation====[[File:Sackofrome.jpeg|thumbnail|390px|left|Sack of Rome by Johannes Lingelbach|370px]]The Reformation began in Germany and soon Protestant Churches were being established throughout Northern Europe. This cause a crisis in the Catholic Church in Italy and throughout Europe. Many feared that Italy would even turn Protestant. This caused a change in direction in the Catholic Church and led it to change its direction. In response to the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church engaged in a series of reforms and other measures. These sought to make sure that Protestant teachings did not become popular. The response of the Catholic Church became known as the Counter-Reformation. One of the most important aspects of the Counter-Reformation was the increasing role of the Inquisition in Italian Society. Any person, believed to be sympathetic to Protestant ideas was arrested as a heretic by the Inquisition. The Inquisition also arrested those who have opinions and views that were contrary to the teachings of the Church. <ref>Mullett, Michael A., ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415189152/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0415189152&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=2cee7968947f72dfe9e1cea5b8eafa6e The Catholic Reformation]'' (Routledge, London 1999)p. 56.</ref> The Counter-Reformation was to have a dramatic impact on artists, writers, and scientists in Italy. No longer could they discuss or express their views freely. They were afraid to create any daring works, in case they offended the Catholic Church. [[How did Savonarola influence the Reformation and Counter-Reformation?|Girolamo Savonarola]] rose to power in Florence and ruled between 1494-1498. He sought to reverse the influence of secularism and ruled Florence as began its economic and cultural decline. Rulers such as Savonarola forced artists to recommit to the church to avoid attracting the attention of the Inquisition. The threat of the Inquisition ensured that artists and writers tailored their works to be more suitably Catholic. The result of the Counter-Reformation was that Italian artists worked in an environment that was repressive. This led to Italy, falling behind the rest of Europe, intellectually and artistically. It should still be remembered that Italy still produced great artists and thinkers such as Galileo, but they were far fewer and less original. The old humanist tradition, of the Renaissance, was abandoned, during the Counter-Reformation.<ref>Mullet, p. 141.</ref> ====Conclusion====

====References====

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