Changes

====Early Development====

It was the threat of the Huguenots and French nobles that required the French kings to develop spies that can infiltrate French society. During Louis XIV's reign, remaining rights of the Huguenots were taken away and French nobles felt the loss of their power as Louis centralized the state. This led Louis to use informants within the Huguenots and nobles as a way to undermine them. Thus, critical to a central state bureaucracy that efficiently ran the country was a country that required spies at every level so that rebellious areas of France can be know before any major problems broke out. Spies among the poor commoners and nobility became well know, creating a type of police state. The Affair of the Poisons and other conspiracies led to a more paranoid state for the French monarchy.<ref>For more on spying within France during the age of Louis XIV, see: Jeffreys-Jones, R. (2013) <i>In spies we trust: the story of Western intelligence</i>. First edition. Oxford, Oxford University Press.</ref>

[[File====Before and After the French Revolution====Prior to the French Revolution, France had begun developing elaborate spy networks that spanned Russia to the East and England to the North. Famous spies included Chevalier d'Éon, who had androgynous characteristics that made him asuitable as a female and male spy. In fact, he was known as a woman for over 33 years and penetrated the Russian court as a female spy. However, in other aspects, the Chevalier performed as a male spy and soldier. It was only at his death that his true sex was determined to many, even among his French allies.<ref>For more on Chevalier d'Éon, see:4089186399 10e8826a8e z Burrows, S., Conlin, J., Goulbourne, R. & Mainz, V. (2010) <i>The Chevalier d’Eon and his worlds gender, espionage and politics in the eighteenth century</i>.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 1Bloomsbury Academic; London. Louise Renée de Penancoët helped spy for Louis XIV]]</ref>

==Before and After During the French Revolution==Prior to the , many spies, often working for multiple sides, arose. The French Revolutionwas, on the one hand, a great fear for the monarchies in Europe, but on the other hand also an opportunity to infiltrate France had begun developing elaborate by outside powers. One such spy networks was Emmanuel Henri Louis Alexandre. He initially supported the French Revolution and became an early member of the National Constitutional Assembly that spanned Russia to formed after the East and England to deposing of the NorthFrench (Bourbon) monarchy. Famous spies included Chevalier d'ÉonHe famously changed his mind, who had androgynous characteristicsafter Marie Antoinette, making him also suitable as a female spyformer love interest, was seized by the revolutionaries. In factThe Jacobines, he was known as a woman radical group in the French revolutionaries, were often most worried about spies and created counter spies to look out for over 33 years and penetrated any counter-revolutionaries. Their paranoia, however, likely led to the demise of many innocent people, leading to those supporting the Russian court as a female spyrevolution to turn against them. HoweverThe fear of spying during the so-called "Reign of Terror, " in other aspectseffect, helped lead to the downfall of the Chevalier performed revolution's ideals, although that would later live on, as a male spy and soldierthe state became more oppressive than it was even during the monarchy period. It was only at his death that his true sex was determinedThat paved the way for Napoleon's takeover as discontent arose.<ref>For more on Chevalier d'Éonspying during the French Revolution, see: BurrowsBrown, SH., Conlin, J., Goulbourne, R. & Mainz, VG. (20102006) <i>The Chevalier d’Eon and his worlds genderEnding the French Revolution: violence, justice, espionage and politics in repression from the eighteenth centuryterror to Napoleon</i>. Bloomsbury Academic; LondonCharlottesville, University of Virginia Press.</ref>

During After the French Revolutiontakeover by Napoleon, many plots involving various international and national spies, often working for multiple sides, arosewere devised to depose Napoleon. The French Revolution was, on This included the one hand, a great fear for Plot of the monarchies rue Saint-Nicaise in Europe1800, but on the other hand also an opportunity to infiltrate France led by outside powers. One such spy was Emmanuel Henri Louis Alexandre. He initially supported the French Revolution Pierre Robinault de Saint-Régeant and became an early member of the National Constitutional Assembly others, that formed after the deposing of the French (Bourbon) monarchyattempted to blow up a bomb as Napoleon passed by. He famously changed his mindThis plot failed, after Marie Antoinettewhere it only succeeded in killing innocent people, a former love interest, was seized by the revolutionariesbut led Napoleon to become more paranoid with his safety. The Jacobines, increased paranoia by Napoleon and European powers as Napoleon began to become stronger developed into a radical group in the French revolutionaries, were often most worried about network of spies and create counter spies that attempted to look out for any counter-revolutionariesinfiltrate the courts of his adversaries. Their paranoiaNapoleon successfully, howeverfor instance, likely led used spies to help bring down the demise of many innocent people. The fear of spying during the so-called "Reign reign of Terror," in effectGustav IV Adolf, helped lead to the downfall king of the revolutionariesSweden, and place a successor who became was more friendly to be seen as oppressive and not holding up the ideals of the revolution. That paved the way for Napoleon's takeoverFrance.<ref>For more on spying during the French RevolutionPierre Robinault de Saint-Régeant, see: BrownFalk, H.GA. (20062007) <i>Ending the French RevolutionNapoleon against himself: violence, justice, and repression from the terror to Napoleona psychobiography</i>. 1st ed. Charlottesville, University of Virginia PressVa, Pitchstone Pub.</ref>

After the takeover by Napoleon, plots involving various international and national spies were devised to depose Napoleon. This included the Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise in 1800, led by Pierre Robinault de Saint-Régeant and others, that attempted to blow up a bomb as Napoleon passed by. This plot failed, where it only succeeded in killing innocent people, but led Napoleon to become more paranoid with his safety. The increased paranoia by Napoleon and European powers as Napoleon began to become stronger developed into a network of spies and counter spies. Napoleon successfully used spies to help bring down the reign of Gustav IV Adolf, the king of Sweden, and place a successor who was more friendly to France.<ref>For more on Pierre Robinault de Saintdh-Régeant, see: Falk, A. (2007) <i> Napoleon against himself: a psychobiography</i>. 1st ed. Charlottesville, Va, Pitchstone Pub.<ad/ref>

====Recent Periods====[[File:Margaretha Zelle, alias Mata Hari.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|Figure 2. Mata Hari (or Margaretha Geertruida "Margreet" MacLeod) was a famous double agent in World War I who ultimately was executed.]]

Another famous case was that of Mata Hari. She was a Dutch citizen living in France during World War I and became known for her exotic dancing where she later was approached by the Deuxième Bureau for her participation in spying because she could freely travel to neutral European countries. She was a famous stage performer and exotic dancer, who famously may have said about herself "A harlot? Yes, but a traitor, never!." She became a double agent, initially sent to spy on Germany , but later spying on France. She helped the Germans uncover spiesand proved valuable in German counter-espionage efforts. The uncovering of spies by Germany led to her suspicion and eventually she was arrest and then executed. <ref>For more on Mata Hari, see: Howe, R.W. (1986) <i>Mata Hari, the true story</i>. 1st ed. New York, Dodd, Mead.</ref>

The Directorate of Territorial Security, which developed after World War II, and succeed succeeded by the General Directorate for Internal Security (DGSI or initially the DCRI; since 2008) has led France's internal spying and anti-terrorism efforts within France. The DGSI also merged aspects of the General Intelligence Directorate, which also had responsibilities for internal security, although it was an arm more for the policeand focused on efforts such as narcotics. French internal espionage often concentrated on networks within France trying to steal technology. However, a notable success came in 1981, when the notable Soviet KGB spy Vladimir Vetrov switched sides and gave France thousands of documents that helped it uncover KGB officers stationed worldwide. It was one of the greatest successes for France in the Cold Warand one of the largest successes for NATO allies in counter-espionage. However, it the DGSI also participated in internal espionage. Once its agents were caught posing as plumbers in France as they were trying to install listening devices in a newspaper critical of the government. This led to the downfall of the interior minister.<ref>For more on the DGSI and its equivalents in post-World War II France, see: Derdzinski, J.L. (2009)<i> Internal security services in liberalizing states: transitions, turmoil, and (in)security</i>. Farnham, England ; Burlington, VT, Ashgate Publishing Co, pg. 57.</ref>

[[File:Margaretha Zelle====Summary====The creation of a central French state in the 16th and 17th centuries and internal unrest that came during the Protestant Reformation led to the development of spy networks within France that attempted to facilitate the French state's power. In the French Revolution, spies often switched sides and the great upheaval and fear caused by the state led to great fear of spies, alias Mata Hariboth by the government and the population.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 2. Mata Hari (or Margaretha Geertruida "Margreet" MacLeod) was famous double agent The disaster of the Franco-Prussian war helped shape the French Republic's first professional spying agency that did have some notable success, but the state's downfall in World War III and the rise of the Cold War subsequently shaped new internal and external spy agencies. Since the 2000s, terrorism and technology espionage have been seen as the greatest threats that France's spy agencies have attempted to counter.]]

==Summary==References====The creation of a central French state in the 16th and 17th centuries and internal unrest that came during the Protestant Reformation led to the development of spy networks within France that attempted to facilitate the French state's power. In the French Revolution, spies often switched sides and the great upheaval and fear caused by the state led to great fear of spies, both by the government and the population. The disaster of the Franco-Prussian war helped shape the French Republic's first professional spying agency that did have some notable success, but the state's downfall in World War II and the rise of the Cold War subsequently shaped new internal and external spy agencies. Since the 2000s, terrorism and technology espionage have been seen as the greatest threats that France's spy agencies have attempted to counter.<references/>