Changes

====Early Development====What is different from many other powers that developed spying services is the relatively short history of the US. The experiences, therefore, are different in how they have influenced government's approach to spying. One of the first spy groups derived prior to the American Revolutionary War in 1765. The Sons of Liberty formed as a group that fought against the Stamp Act and would observe British troop movements in Boston and other places. This group included well known revolutionaries such as Samuel Adams and John Hancock.

What is different from many other powers that developed spying services is the relatively short history of the US. The experiences, therefore, are different in how they have influenced government's approach to spying. One of the first spy groups derived prior to the American Revolutionary War in 1765. The Sons of Liberty formed as a group that fought against the Stamp Act and would observe British troop movements in Boston and other places. This included well known revolutionaries such as Samuel Adams and John Hancock. During the Revolutionary War, George Washington was one of the first to write and recognize the need for espionage. Threats to the colonists/revolutionaries, and eventual early US military, were from Britain. War espionage depended on a network of spies throughout different areas, where Washington wanted to stay one step ahead of the pursuing British Army. This included using Native Americans , who were adept at secretive observation observations that Washington had first hand firsthand experience with during the French and Indian War. Washington also used a cryptanalyst Samuel West to read secretive letters. Double agents were also used by the British to counter Washington, such as Dr. Benjamin Church who fed important information about the revolutionaries.<ref>For more on spying during the American Revolutionary War, see: Sulick, Michael J. 2014. <i>Spying in America: Espionage from the Revolutionary War to the Dawn of the Cold War</i>. Georgetown University Press.</ref>

Benjamin Franklin (Figure 1) was placed in charge of the Committee of Secret Correspondence, which worked to change sentiment about the Revolution in European states so that the revolutionaries would gain increasing support. His most successful efforts were with the French, who ultimately helped aid the revolutionaries in fighting the British. This proved crucial in helping turning to turn the tide, where French troops and aid greatly helped the revolutionaries to successfully fight.<ref>For more on Benjamin Franklin's work during the war, see: Isaacson, Walter. 2004. <i>Benjamin Franklin: An American Life</i>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.</ref>

After the war, American spying took a downturn as the country was preoccupied with building the young country. In fact, the US was ill prepared for the war War of 1812, where US soldiers were often unaware even where the frontier with Canada was even located. It was the Civil War where things changed once again. The North, in the Civil War, developed a network of spies who were able to cross between the borders with the South, including using such individuals as William Alvin Lloyd. The North also developed two spying agencies, including one run by Allan Pinkerton and another run by Lafayette Baker. There was two due to infighting between generals and Lincoln's cabinet who depended on the different spy headsspymasters. This often lead to information not being shared and sometimes counterproductive efforts that sometimes even led to the arrest of spies working for the other agency. There were some notable successes in troop movement observations, but often the information did not have a clear chain where the intelligence could be used for actionable purposes. The South had some notable successes, often creating an elaborate network in major northern cities. The most successful group was the so-called Canadian Cabinet, which ran a Southern spy network from Montreal. It is likely John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin, derived from this group. They also succeeded in several sabotage operations and creating fires in major cities.

==Rise of Modern Spying==Modern American espionage begins The South, on the other hand, had some notable successes, often creating an elaborate network in major northern cities. The most successful group was the late 19th century when Grover Cleveland so-called for assigning military attachés in foreign countries to gather more information about different countriesCanadian Cabinet, which ran a Southern spy network from Montreal. It is likely John Wilkie became head of the US Secret Service Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin, derived from this group. They also succeeded in the 1890s several sabotage operations and became noted for breaking up a Spanish spy ring creating fires in Montreal during major cities that disrupted Northern cities.<ref>For more on US spying between the Spanish-American Revolutionary War. Teh Secret Service was created as a result of and the Civil War and for its first few decades mostly focused on combating counterfeiting of the US currency and other acts that could sabotage the US economy, such as smugglingsee: Mickolus, Edward F. In 1908, the Bureau of Investigation, what eventually became as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), was formed2015. Initially, they focused on policing activities <i>The Counterintelligence Chronology: Spying by and against organized criminal activities such as prostitutionthe United States from the 1700s through 2014</i>. HoweverJefferson, they also engaged in domestic surveillance. This was tested in World War INorth Carolina: McFarland & Company, where they were able to discover German agents and saboteursInc. Nevertheless, in World War I, the US was still not effective in foreign espionage. Most intelligence from World War I depended on British spy services that were establishedPublishers.</ref>

After World War I, most activity focused on domestic surveillance, particularly against communists and others deemed as threats====Rise of Modern Spying====[[File:Badge of the United States Secret Service (1875-1890). In the 1920s, modern cryptography developed in the USpng|thumbnail|left|250px|Figure 2. William Friedman, a Russian immigrant, The Secret Service was appointed as cryptanalyst responsible for foreign intelligence in the Army Signal Intelligence Service, which was successful late 19th century.]]Modern American espionage begins in breaking the Japanese code used in their diplomatic cableslate 19th century. This enabled the US to be aware that an attack like Pearl Harbor was going included Grover Cleveland calling for assigning military attachés in foreign countries to occur, although they were not able to determine where it would occurgather more information about different countries. World War II, particularly with John Wilkie became head of the attack on Pearl Harbor, led to major new developments US Secret Service in intelligence gathering the 1890s and became noted for breaking up a Spanish spy ring in Montreal during the USSpanish-American War. The US Navy's Combat Intelligence Unit Secret Service (Figure 2), in fact, was appointed with creating a created as a code breaking unit called "Magic." This work help lead to early developments result of computers, such as it had the Civil War (in Britain by work conducted by Allan Turning during World War II. World War II also began the long relationship between private industry 1865) and government for espionage work, with IBM developing their punch card machines to help in cracking Japanese code used in the war. This culminated in the Battle its first few decades mostly focused on combating counterfeiting of Midway, where the US had advance knowledge of the battle currency and were able to defeat other acts that could sabotage the Japanese because they had known when and where the attack would take place. During World War IIUS economy, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) began to coordinate special operations and spying activitysuch as smuggling.

The 1947 National Security Act created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and led to the National Security Council (NSC) that had authority over it. The 1950s and 1960s saw the CIA leading many anti-communist and Soviet activitiesIn 1908, where the US began to get far more involved in foreign politicsBureau of Investigation, such what eventually became as elections of left-wing leaders in different states. The most noted success was the uncovering of nuclear missiles sent to Cuba in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. In the 1960s, the Directorate Federal Bureau of Science and Technology Investigation (DSTFBI) , was created to coordinate technology efforts to aid in spyingformed. Initially, including the production of spy satellites they focused on policing activities and other technologiesagainst organized criminal activities such as prostitution. MeanwhileHowever, the FBI became more active they also engaged in domestic surveillance. This was tested in World War I, where communism as well as organized crime they were of keen interestable to discover German agents and saboteurs. The next major change was the Patriot Act of 2001Nevertheless, in World War I, which gave the government increased authority to collect and analyze private data. There US was also a mandate to better coordinate still not effective in foreign and domestic espionage. Most intelligencefrom World War I depended on British spy services that were established. This was in reaction to <ref>For more on the September 11th attacks on New York rise of American spying after 1865 and Washingtonuntil World War I, see: Hastedt, Glenn P. Since then, controversies have often revolved how much private information should the government posses ed. 2011. <i>Spies, Wiretaps, and the balance Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of security and counterAmerican Espionage</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-terrorism effortsCLIO.</ref>

After World War I, most activity focused on domestic surveillance, particularly against communists and others deemed as threats. In the 1920s, modern cryptography developed in the US. William Friedman, a Russian immigrant, was appointed as cryptanalyst for the Army Signal Intelligence Service, which was successful in breaking the Japanese code used in their diplomatic cables. This enabled the US to be aware that an attack like Pearl Harbor was going to occur, although they were not able to determine where it would occur. World War II, particularly with the attack on Pearl Harbor, led to major new developments in intelligence gathering in the US. The US Navy's Combat Intelligence Unit was appointed with creating a a code breaking unit called "Magic." This work help lead to early developments of computers, such as it had in Britain by work conducted by Allan Turning during World War II.  World War II also began the long relationship between private industry and government for espionage work, with IBM developing their punch card machines to help in cracking Japanese code used in the war. This culminated in the Battle of Midway, where the US had advance knowledge of the battle and were able to defeat the Japanese because they had known when and where the attack would take place. During World War II, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) began to coordinate special operations and spying activity.<ref>For more on post-World War I spying development and up to World War II, see: 2002. <i>Studies in Intelligence</i>. V. 46, No. 3. CIA.</ref> ====Recent Developments====The 1947 National Security Act created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and led to the National Security Council (NSC) that had authority over it. The 1950s and 1960s saw the CIA leading many anti-communist and Soviet activities, where the US began to get far more involved in foreign politics, such as elections of left-wing leaders in different states. The most noted success was the uncovering of nuclear missiles sent to Cuba in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. In the 1960s, the Directorate of Science and Technology (DST) was created to coordinate technology efforts to aid in spying, including the production of spy satellites and other technologies.  Meanwhile, the FBI became more active in domestic surveillance, where communism as well as organized crime were of keen interest. The next major change was the Patriot Act of 2001, which gave the government increased authority to collect and analyze private data. There was also a mandate to better coordinate foreign and domestic intelligence. This was in reaction to the September 11th attacks on New York and Washington. Since then, controversies have often revolved how much private information should the government posses and the balance of security and counter-terrorism efforts.<ref>For more on post-World War II spy developments in the United States, see: Carnes, Mark C., ed. 2007. <i>The Columbia History of Post-World War II America</i>. Columbia Guides to American History and Cultures. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref> ====Summary====

====References====<references/>[[Category:Wikis]][[Category:United States History]][[Category:Diplomatic History]]{{Contributors}}