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Did the Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Renaissance in Italy

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[[File: Sack of Rome Two.jpg |thumbnail|left|300px250px|Portrait of Emperor Charles V, 1527]]The Sack of Rome was the capture and the destruction of Rome by the mutinous troops of Emperor Charles V. It caused widespread outrage at the time and it shocked Europe. The Sack destroyed much of Rome and it is widely seen as ushering in a new era in the history of Italy. This article will discuss the impact that the Sack had on Italy and its development.
The commonly held belief is that the Sack of Rome ended was the Renaissance in Italy. The Sack of capture and Rome in 1527 was of critical importance in 's destruction by the history mutinous troops of ItalyEmperor Charles V. It guaranteed Spanish supremacy in Italycaused widespread outrage at the time, led to increasingly religious orthodoxy and it shocked Europe. The Sack destroyed the economy much of Rome, and it is widely seen as ushering in a new era in Italy's history. It was not This article will discuss the Sack itself, but the effects of impact that the Sack that contributed to the ending of the Renaissancehad on Italy and its development.
== Background==Since The commonly held belief is that the 1490s Sack of Rome ended the great rivals France and Spain (and briefly the Swiss) had fought Renaissance in Italy for control of the peninsula. The various Italian city states and the Papacy were divided and they were often allied to the Hapsburgs, Spanish and the French.<ref> Lopez, Robert Sabatino, <i>The Three Ages Sack of Rome in 1527 was of critical importance in the Italian Renaissance</i> (Charlottesville: University Press history of VirginiaItaly. It guaranteed Spanish supremacy in Italy, 1970)led to increasingly religious orthodoxy, p. 89 </ref> The struggle for Italy had entered a new phase during the reigns of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his great rival Francis II of Francedestroyed Rome's economy. In 1527 Italy It was not the scene of the War of Sack itself, but the League effects of Cognac and this involved France and the Papacy on one side and the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain and her allies on the other. Pope Clement VII supported the French Monarch, Francis I in order Sack that contributed to protect the independence ending of the Papacy.<ref> Lopez, pRenaissance. 112</ref>
Pope Clement feared that ==Why did the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's army invade Italy in 1527?==Since the 1490s, Holy Roman Emperor France and Spain (and briefly the Spanish king was becoming too powerful. He was commonly regarded as the most powerful man Swiss) had fought in Europe since the days Italy for control of the Caesarspeninsula. The Imperial troopsvarious Italian city-states and the Papacy were divided, who and they were mainly composed of German mercenaries and often allied to the Hapsburgs, Spanish troops, defeated and the French and the Papal armies in 1527. However<ref> Lopez, Robert Sabatino, <i>The Three Ages of the Emperor was in no position to pay the army and they mutinied. This was typical Italian Renaissance</i> (Charlottesville: University Press of Charles VVirginia, 1970), despite his vast Empire he was often short of cash and usually nearly bankruptp. 89 </ref> The Imperial army struggle for Italy had been led by entered a powerful French nobles, new phase during the reigns of the Bourbon Family, who had rebelled against the French MonarchHoly Roman Emperor Charles V and his great rival Francis II of France. He In 1527 Italy was unable to quell the revolt and was soon forced to do scene of the bidding War of the mutinous troops. The soldiers sought food League of Cognac, and money this involved France and they began to pillage large areas of Northern Italy the Papacy on one side and they terrorized many towns the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, and villagesher allies on the other.<ref>TuchmanPope Clement VII supported the French Monarch, Francis I, Barbara Wto protect the independence of the Papacy. <iref>The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam</i> (London, Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1985)Lopez, p. 345112</ref>
Pope Clement feared that Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Spanish king were becoming too powerful. He was commonly regarded as the most powerful man in Europe since the days of the Caesars. The Imperial troops, who were mainly composed of German mercenaries and Spanish troops, defeated the French and the Papal armies in 1527. However, the Emperor was in no position to pay the army, and they mutinied. This was typical of Charles V.
==Sack Despite his vast Empire, he was often short of Rome - The Terror==After a few weeks, the loot and food available in the area began to run low cash and the soldiers looked for other targetsusually nearly bankrupt. They selected Rome. They believed that they could get all the money and food that they needed in the Eternal City.<ref>TuchmanThe Imperial army had been led by powerful French nobles, p. 344</ref> Many of the mutinous soldiers were German mercenaries, famed for their bravery, many were also sympathisers of Martin Luther and they believed that the Pope was corrupt and even the ‘Anti-Christ’ who had distorted rebelled against the message French Monarch of Christthe Bourbon Family. They wanted He was unable to seize Rome for religious reasons quell the revolt and possibly believed that they could deliver a fateful blow was soon forced to do the Catholic Church, even though Martin Luther stated that this would be wrongmutinous troops' bidding. Soon 33The soldiers sought food and money,000 Imperial troops were on their way and they began to Rome in the spring of 1527. The army was composed pillage large areas of GermansNorthern Italy, Spaniards and Italiansthey terrorized many towns and villages.<ref>Tuchman, pBarbara W. 345<i>[https:/ref> The army was reinforced by deserters form the French army and bandits/www. It was largely unopposed as an Italian army, under Venetian command also mutiniedamazon. The army became more disorganized as they advanced on Rome. The sacked several towns on the way and on the 5th of May, they had reached the Walls of Rome. By this stage the army was largely under the control of the common soldiers as their erstwhile leader of the Charles Bourbon was only heeded by his men when it pleased them.<com/gp/product/0345308239/ref> Chastel, Andre, <i>=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0345308239&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=731d360be9211dec1e2b8dcb7ffcd7bf The Sack March of RomeFolly: From Troy to Vietnam]</i> (PrincetonLondon, Princeton University PressRandom House Trade Paperbacks, 19831985), p. 78345</ref>
On June, the 6th, the == Why was Rome Sacked by Charles V's army attacked the city walls. The leader of the attack? ==After a few weeks, Charles the Bourbon, was killed during loot and food available in the assault. He had been at least able area began to influence run low, and the soldiers, but now the army was completely out of control looked for other targets. They selected Rome. They massacred believed that they could get all the defenders money and any civilians food that they came across. Only the bravery of needed in the Swiss Guard saved the Pope from the armyEternal City.<ref> ChastelTuchman, p. 115344</ref> The Many of the mutinous soldiers executed any defenders who surrendered. A reign of terror ensued in Rome were German mercenaries, famed for three days if not longer. The soldiers attacked cardinals and stole their wealthbravery. The ordinary Romans But many were also suffered greatly, countless were robbed, murdered sympathizers of Martin Luther and rapedthey believed that the Pope was corrupt. Many were tortured in macabre ways so that Some even describe the pope as the ‘Anti-Christ’ because they would divulge believe he distorted the location message of their wealthChrist. The mutineers stayed in They wanted to seize Rome for religious reasons and possibly believed that they could deliver a fateful blow to the city for some monthsCatholic Church, even though Martin Luther stated that this would be wrong. Soon 33, continuing 000 Imperial troops were on their way to terrorize Rome in the inhabitants and they only left after eight months because spring of 1527. The army was composed of plague Germans, Spaniards, and having received a hefty bribe form the PopeItalians.<ref>Tuchman, p.345</ref>
==Aftermath==[[File: Pope Clement VII.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|Pope Clement VII in 1528]]Emperor Charles V The army was deeply embarrassed reinforced by deserters from the actions of his mutinous French armyand bandits. However, Charles knew that the Pope It was in a weak position and he saw it largely unopposed as an opportunity to extend his control over the PapacyItalian army, under Venetian command, which also mutinied.<ref> ChastelThe army became more disorganized as they advanced on Rome. p. 212</ref>. Successive PopesThey sacked several towns on the way, eager to preserve Italian independence and their own had allied themselves with on the French5th of May, to prevent Charles from upsetting they had reached the balance Walls of power in ItalyRome. Charles V now used y this stage, the weakened position of Pope Clement to ensure that the Papacy army was no longer able to resist Imperial interests in Italy. After largely under the Sack of Rome, Pope Clement was too afraid control of Charles V after the Sack to adopt a policy that was independent common soldiers as their erstwhile leader of the Emperor. This policy Charles Bourbon was to have momentous consequences not only for the Church but also for the history of Europeheeded by his men when it pleased them.<ref> Chastel, Andre, <i>[https://www.amazon. In the aftermath of the com/gp/product/0691099472/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0691099472&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=990e20db1788d33ca9ee2a70c1f69586 The Sack, the Popes were very reluctant to go against the wishes of the Emperor and after his abdicationRome, the Spanish monarchs, who inherited the greatest part of Charles V territories1527]<ref/i> Tuchman(Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1983), p. 34778</ref>.
On June the 6th, the army attacked the city walls. The Popes increasingly shadowed leader of the policies of attack, Charles the Bourbon, was killed during the Spanish monarchy especially when it came assault. He had been at least able to influence the soldiers, but now the enforcement army was completely out of religious orthodoxycontrol. Prior to 1527, They massacred the Pope had been arguably just another secular rulerdefenders and any civilians they came across. After Only the Sack bravery of Rome, the Swiss Guard saved the Pope under pressure from first Charles V and later Spanish monarchs such as Phillip II became more interest in clerical discipline and religious orthodoxy than previously. This was to have serious repercussions for Italian society and its culturethe army.<ref>Burckhardt, JacobChastel, p. 115<i/ref>The Civilization mutinous soldiers executed any defenders who surrendered. A reign of the Renaissance terror ensued in Italy</i> (London, Penguin, 1992)Rome for three days, pif not longer. 112</ref>
The Popes insistence on religious orthodoxy meant that freethought soldiers attacked the cardinals and secular values were increasingly challenged in the aftermath of the Sack of Romestole their wealth. The Inquisition became more activeordinary Romans also suffered greatly. Countless were robbed, as the Pope sought to stamp out every sign of free thought or ideas murdered, and raped. Many were tortured in macabre ways so that were contrary to they would divulge the teachings location of the Churchtheir wealth. The growing fear of Protestantism was also instrumental mutineers stayed in the new climate but the fear of the Emperor after the Sack and the Spanish meant that the Inquisition became all-pervasive in Italian society. This was to have a devastating impact on the Renaissance. This cultural flourishing was premised on an attempt city for some months, continuing to reproduce terrorize the classical world. It was largely humanisticinhabitants, secular and often overtly pagan and this was no longer possible in the aftermath they only left after eight months because of the capture of Rome in 1527. It became increasingly difficult for the humanist who were once so influential to express their views plague and instead of studying the ancient classics hefty bribe they were expected to study religious works.<ref> Burckhardt, p. 120</ref> No longer could they think and write freely as paid by the mid-1500s they were intimidated by the inquisition. The new emphasis on religious orthodoxy meant that many noble patrons were unwilling to subsidize the works of humanists who expressed ‘pagan’ ideasPope.
==Spanish Domination==The Popes had long opposed the ambitions of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Spanish whom they believed correctly wanted to dominate Italy.<ref> Duffy, Eoin, <i>History of the Popes</i> (London, Penguin, 2005), p. 267</ref> The Papacy What was pivotal to the Italian resistance to the ambitions aftermath of the Spanish. This changed after the Sack of Rome in Romein 1527, the Pope was cowed and to an extent meekly followed the policies of Charles V, they also ceased resisting his growing control. This after the death, enabled Charles V’s, heir to established de-facto control over Italy, except for Venice. The ?==[[File: Pope had bankrolled the armies that had been pivotal to the Italian resistance to outsiders and after 1527, this was no longer possibleClement VII. The Papacy, had been practically bankrupted by the Sack and no longer could offer the financial support needed by the City-States to recruit armies, which were mainly composed of mercenary soldiers. By 1550 the Spanish Monarch, Phillip II was the dominant influence in Italy and not the jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|Pope. The Spanish control lead to a loss of political and individual freedom and this dealt a blow to the Renaissance as increasingly artists and thinkers were unable to create the worked they wanted or to freely express their own ideas and opinions.<ref> Burke, Peter. <i>The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society Clement VII in Italy Princeton</i> (Princeton University Press, 1999) p. 6 </ref> 1528]]
Emperor Charles V was deeply embarrassed by the actions of his mutinous army. However, Charles knew that the Pope was in a weak position, and he saw it as an opportunity to extend his control over the Papacy.<ref> Chastel. p. 212</ref> Successive Popes, eager to preserve Italian independence and their own, had allied themselves with the French to prevent Charles from upsetting Italy's balance of power.  Charles V now used the weakened position of Pope Clement to ensure that the Papacy was no longer able to resist Imperial interests in Italy. After the Sack of Rome, Pope Clement was too afraid of Charles V the Sack to adopt an independent policy of the Emperor. This policy was to have momentous consequences not only for the Church but also for Europe's history. In the aftermath of the Sack, the Popes were very reluctant to go against the wishes of the Emperor and, after his abdication, the Spanish monarchs, who inherited the most significant part of Charles V territories.<ref> Tuchman, p. 347</ref>  The Popes increasingly shadowed the Spanish monarchy's policies, especially when it came to the enforcement of religious orthodoxy. Before 1527, the Pope had been arguably just another secular ruler. After the Sack of Rome, the Pope, under pressure from first Charles V and later Spanish monarchs such as Phillip II became more interested in the clerical discipline and religious orthodoxy than previously. This was to have serious repercussions for Italian society and its culture.<ref>Burckhardt, Jacob, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/014044534X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=014044534X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=63c0a4b8b6e06474ca12c3c017e8285d The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy]</i> (London, Penguin, 1992), p. 112</ref>  The Pope's insistence on religious orthodoxy meant that freethought and secular values were increasingly challenged in the aftermath of Rome's Sack. The Inquisition became more active, as the Pope sought to stamp out every sign of free thought or ideas contrary to the teachings of the Church. The growing fear of Protestantism was also instrumental in the new climate. Still, the fear of the Emperor after the Sack and the Spanish meant that the Inquisition became all-pervasive in Italian society. This was to have a devastating impact on the Renaissance. This cultural flourishing was premised on an attempt to reproduce the classical world. It was mostly humanistic, secular, and often overtly pagan, and this was no longer possible in the aftermath of Rome's capture in 1527. It became increasingly difficult for the humanist who was once so influential to express their views. Instead of studying the ancient classics, they were expected to study religious works.<ref> Burckhardt, p. 120</ref> No longer could they think and write freely as by the mid-1500s, and they were intimidated by the Inquisition. The new emphasis on religious orthodoxy meant that many noble patrons were unwilling to subsidize the humanists' works who expressed ‘pagan’ ideas.<dh-ad/> ==The Implications of Spanish Domination over Italy==The Popes had long opposed the Holy Roman Emperor's ambitions, and the Spanish, whom they believed correctly, wanted to dominate Italy.<ref> Duffy, Eoin, <i>History of the Popes</i> (London, Penguin, 2005), p. 267</ref> The Papacy was pivotal to the Italian resistance to the ambitions of the Spanish. This changed after the Sack of Rome in 1527. The Pope was cowed and, to an extent, meekly followed the policies of Charles V. They also ceased resisting his growing control. After the death, this enabled Charles V’s heir to establish de-facto control over Italy, except for Venice. The Pope had bankrolled the armies that had been pivotal to the Italian resistance to outsiders, and after 1527, this was no longer possible.  The sack practically bankrupted the Papacy and it could no longer offer the financial support needed by the City-States to recruit armies, which were mainly composed of mercenary soldiers. By 1550 the Spanish Monarch, Phillip II, was the dominant influence in Italy and not the Pope. Spanish control led to an erosion of political and individual freedoms. This dealt a blow to the Renaissance as artists and thinkers could not create the work they wanted or freely express their ideas and opinions.<ref> Burke, Peter. <i>The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy Princeton</i> (Princeton University Press, 1999) p. 6 </ref> == The End of Renaissance Rome?==
[[File: Papacy 2.jpg|thumbnail|350px|left|St Peter’s Basilica]]
Prior to Before 1527, Rome had become arguably the centre center of the Renaissance. Milan had been devastated by successive military occupations, while Florence had been destabilised destabilized and impoverished by twenty years of internal conflict. Apart from Venice, only the Pope had the means to sponsor and commission works of art. The Papal Court was extremely wealthy , and the Pope became the patron of many of the greatest artists of the time, such as Michelangelo and Raphael. This was especially the case after the 1500s because of a dramatic change in the economy.  After Columbus discovered America in 1492, the Italian economy went into a gradual but a steep decline, that which was noticeable by 1527. New trade routes were established in the Atlantic , and the trade of the Mediterranean dropped off. This led to less money being spent on art in Italy.<ref> Burke, p. 113</ref> The Papacy had could continue to support artists and writers, as its main revenue streams were from pilgrims and Church taxes. The popes, which Popes such as Clement VII, continued to spend on commissioning great commission works of art or on architecture, such as the ‘re-building ‘rebuilding of St Peter’s Basilica.'<ref> Burke, p 119</ref>  Rome's capture and the Imperial army's occupation caused massive economic dislocation. Much of the city’s wealth was spent on ransoms or stolen. Rome was devastated by the Sack and its aftermath. The city population fell dramatically; it was approximately 55,000 before 1527 but was only estimated to be 10,000 the following year. The city’s economy was in ruins. The Colonna family revolted in the Papal States and established a virtually independent principality. Following the end of the occupation of Rome, a plague decimated the survivors.
The capture of Rome and the occupation by the Imperial army caused massive economic dislocation and much of the city’s wealth was spent on ransoms or stolen. Rome was devastated by the Sack and its aftermath. The population of the city feel dramatically; it was approximately 55,000 before 1527 but was only estimated to be 10,000 the following year. The city’s economy was in ruins and the Colonna family revolted in the Papal States and established a virtual independent principality. Following the end of the occupation of Rome, a plague decimated the survivors. Rome was in a state of collapse , and the Sack had set the city back by a century. The Pope could no longer afford to pay artists and writers , and they gradually drifted away from the city. The capture of Rome in 1527, ended the Renaissance in Rome which had become the one of the last centres centers of the great cultural flourishing in Italy.<ref>Ruggiero, Guido. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521719380/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521719380&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=099fc32a1ba347508fdb90b622912ce0 The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento]</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 648 </ref>
==Conclusion==
The Sack of Rome is often considered the end of the Renaissance. The brutal seizure of the Eternal City and the subsequent eight-month occupation by a band of mutinous rebellious soldiers changed the Papacy and indeed Italy. The Papacy was no longer able to resist Spanish domination , and it increasingly followed the policies of first Charles V and later Phillip II. This led to increasing efforts by the Pope, through the Office of the Inquisition to enforce Religious Orthodoxy. The Sack of Rome, shattered the city’s economy , and no longer were was the Pope’s able ability to spend lavishly on buildings, books , and works of art. These factors changed Italian society.  It was no longer as open or free , and artists and writers became afraid to express their opinions. The secular and human values espoused by the Renaissance were no longer were acceptable in the new and increasingly intolerant atmosphere. The Sack destroyed the last centre center in Italy that could to provide the artists and writers' wealth and patronage needs by artists and writers. As Spain increasingly dominated the City-States of Italy and the old liberal atmosphere that contributed so much to the Renaissance was ended. The Sack of Rome in 1527 did not suddenly end stop the Renaissance , but it did help to hasten its demise.
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