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==The Ionian Revolt==Greek Migration to Asia Minor during the Greek Dark Ages====Aristagoras knew that the Persians would not accept [[File: Ionian independence Revolt 2.jpg|300px|thumb|left| Detail from a vase showing a Greek and that Darius would swiftly seek to rePersian warrior]]During the so-conquer the region with a huge army. In desperationcalled Greek Dark Ages, he traveled many Greeks migrated to Sparta to secure help from the most powerful state Aegean coast of Asia Minor in Greecewhat is now Turkey. When it refused he traveled around Greece<ref> Thucydides, seeking menHistory of the Peloponnesian War I, money7</ref> Here the Aeolians, Dorians, and shipsIonians, established settlements that became city-states. Only Ionia was the Athenians area settled by the Ionian tribes, and it was composed of twelve cities. They were independent, but they shared common places of worship and regularly cooperated. Ionia became very wealthy, especially Miletus, and it was in the Eretians agreed to provide help to 6th century the most important cultural center in the Ionian rebels whom they regarded as their fellow kinsmen Greek World. <ref>HerodotusHolland, Tom. Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West (London, Doubleday, v2006), 114p 87</ref>. Furthermore The rising Kingdom of Lydia, both of ruled by the famed King Croesus, conquered these cities were democracies and Aristagoras impassioned pleadings swayed the popular assembliesGreek city-states. The Athenians and Eretians sent city-states were able to secure a large number great deal of hoplites autonomy and ships continued to support flourish under the IoniansLydians. The arrivals This arrangement was upset by the rise of these reinforcements persuaded the rebel to go on Persian Empire, based in modern Iran, which is often regarded as the offensive in 498 BCfirst 'World-Empire. The allies marched on ' <ref>Holland, p 3</ref> Cyrus the Second, sometimes known as the Great, conquered the important city of Sardis Median and Neo-Babylonian Empires and burned most annexed the kingdom of Lydia, thereby establishing the Achaemenid Empire, the city but could not seize first Persian Empire. Cyrus also annexed the citadelGreek cities in Ionia. The rebels retreated to Ephesus, but they were annihilated by a large force of Persians Achaemenid monarch and his successors respected local customs and religions and gave regions in their realms' considerable autonomy.<ref>BrosiusFine, Maria. "JVA The Ionian Revolt, 498–494 BC." The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Battles Greeks: A Critical History (2017Harvard, Harvard University Press, 1983): 1-7</ref>. AristagorasHowever, decided the Ionian Greeks who were very urbanized and their democratic political systems proved very difficult to continue fit into this system. To control the revolt and convinced more Greek cities , Cyrus appointed his son, Darius, who adopted local rulers with dictatorial powers, who were answerable to join him a Persian satrap or governor and even persuaded this policy. This caused great unrest in cities such as Ephesus and Colophon, which had traditionally been democracies', but this was ignored by the Carians to join an anti-local Persian alliance Satrap.<ref>HerodotusHornblower, Simon The Greek World: 479–323 BC (4 ed.) (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), v 115p. 2 </ref>. Then various kingdoms on In 500 BCE, the Satrap of Asia Minor held an assembly with the rulers who governed the Ionian cities in the island Cyprus joined name of Darius. There was increasingly rivalry among the revolttyrants, but the Athenians withdrew as they were known. Each sought to expand their support territories at this time. In 497 BC, the Persian Emperor, sent three expense of his sons-their neighbors. To preserve peace and stability in-law with a large army to crush Ionia, the rebellion. Soon they had restored Cyprus rulers were obliged to obedience ally and executed its rulersforeswore to attack each other. However, in Part BC 499, Aristagoras, the tyrant of Darius’ army was able Miletus sought to defeat conquer the Carians at the Battle independent island of the Marsyas RiverNaxos and add it to his territories. The remnants of the Carian army were joined by Milesian forcesHe tried to win support from his fellow Ionian tyrants, but this new army was later badly defeated by soldiers they refused. Aristagoras then secured some mighty Persians support and sought to conquer Naxos in the name of Darius .<ref>Herodotus, v, 120118</ref>. A Persian commander ordered an attack on the Carians, presumably to end their resistance once and for all. However, they had found out about the plan and launched this invasion of Naxos was a night-time ambush military disaster, and destroyed the enemy forces with all its generals. This brought the rebels he owed some respiteof his backers a great deal of money. The following year the Persians changed their strategy and they directly attacked the Ionian cities and they besieged and seized several cities. Aristogros Aristagoras knew that he could be imprisoned or executed for his failure on Naxos. The tyrant of Miletus decided to gamble on a rebellion was doomed, and . He devised an audacious plan; he fled encouraged the other Ionians cities to Thrace where he was later killed. The Milesians depose their pro-Persian rulers and others continued to defy Darius, and they placed restore their faith in their large fleetold governments. The Persian commanders assembled a large naval taskforce, crewed by their subject peoples, especially the Phoeniciansregion was ripe for rebellion. This armada sailed He managed to incite a series of revolutions in Ionia and met that led to the rebel fleet at Lade in 494 BC. The larger inhabitants expelling or killing their pro-Persian fleet utterly defeated the rebel navy <ref>Holland, p 99</ref>governors. Also, in 494 BC the army of Darius captured the city of Miletus, which was devastated. By now leaderless, Violence also spread to the rebellion collapsed, Aeolian and Ionia was reincorporated into Dorian Greek communities on the Persian Empire and by 493 BC, the last remnants of resistance to Darius had collapsedAegean Coast. ====The Ionian Revolt====
[[File: Ionian Three.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Darius I from a bad relief in modern-day Iran]]
[[File: Ionian four.jpg|200px|thumb|left| 18th-century painting of the great Ionian philosopher Heraclitus]]
The Greek-city states managed to recover quickly, and they were soon able to secure a great level of autonomy. The Persian Empire was decentralized, and they did not seek to rule the Ionians directly.<ref>Herodotus, v, 119</ref> It was a tributary Empire and did not want to conquer lands and peoples but demanded that they pay taxes and provide their Satraps with soldiers and ships when requested. Darius wanted the city-states, to remain prosperous so that they could continue to provide him with tribute and especially ships. The Persian Emperor was a farsighted ruler, and his policy of clemency was to prove to be successful. During the two invasions of Greece, the Ionians provided their Persian overlords with sailors and ships. The number of vessels would indicate that they had recovered rapidly after the revolt. The cities continued to prosper for centuries, right down to the Byzantine Empire. They even remained culturally Greek for centuries. ====The End of the Ionian Enlightenment====Ionia was one of the cradles of western philosophy and science .<ref> Russell, Bertrand. History of Western Philosophy (New York, Simon, and Schuster, 1999), p 12</ref>. Traditionally , the Ionian cities, was where Greek science and philosophy began. This was due to the Ionia's wealth of the city-statesmade this possible. Additionally, freedom of thought and the influence of Ionia was influenced by Babylon and Egypt 's intellectual traditions. Here for the first time in the West, individuals offered explanations for the origin of the world World without recourse to some deity .<ref>Russel, p 14</ref>. They used reason and observation to develop theories on the nature of the worldWorld. Thales from Miletus (6th century BC) was probably the first philosopher and scientist in the western tradition. He argued that life came from the sea and was also an astronomer , and he successfully predicted an eclipse. The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras came from Samos. Xenophanes was another important philosopher who criticized Greek polytheism and was arguably the first monotheist. The great revolt did not totally destroy the flourishing intellectual life of the region , as seen in the works of the great philosopher Heraclitus or the writings of the historian and geographer Hecateus. However, the great revolt and the subsequent rule of tyrants forced many thinkers to leave. Moreover, philosophers no longer had the intellectual freedom or patronage that they required for their studies , and investigations and intellectual life declined in the decades after the Darius crushed the revolt. Many thinkers and scientists, after the collapse of the rebellion, traveled widely through the Greek world World and spread the ideas of the Ionian awakening. These Ionians played a crucial part in the development of philosophy in other parts of the Hellenic World, especially Athens. While the Ionian Revolt led to the end of the first stage of Ancient Greek philosophy , it contributed to a great flourishing in scientific investigation and metaphysical speculation elsewhere in the Hellenic world World.<ref> Russell, p. 17</ref>. ==== The Greek-Persian Wars====The Greek historian Herodotus argued that the Ionian Revolt was very important in history because it marked the beginning of the Greek-Persian Wars. Darius was greatly angered by the The Athenians ' and Eretians ' involvement in the rebelliongreatly angered Darius. The Ionian Revolt had destabilized a part of his Empire , and he feared a repeat of this in the future. According to Herodotus, Darius ordered his servants to remind him, daily, of the Athenians and their role in the rebellion .<ref>Herodotus, v, 118</ref>. This is probably a literary invention. However, the Persians had become concerned about potential unrest in the western reaches of their Empire. Athens had shown itself to be a threat to their interests , and it was feared that it could encourage more uprising in the future. This was to lead to the first Persian Invasion of Greece. This can be considered to be a punitive expedition that was aimed at punishing those who supported the Ionian rebels .<ref> Herodotus, v 119</ref>. In 490 BC, a Persian amphibious force attacked several Greek cities and islands before landing near Athens. They were defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon 490 BC <ref> Holland, p 119</ref>. This defeat made Darius more determined than ever to punish the Athenians, but he died before he could invade Greece. Therefore, the defeat at Marathon did not end the Persian ambitions to subdue the Greeks. Xerxes the successor of Darius, did not only want to punish the Athenians but wanted to conquer all of Greece. He launched the second invasion of Greece and he moved his army via the Balkans into Hellenic territory but was later defeated on the sea at Salamis and on the land at Platea. It is highly likely that if it were not for the Ionian Revolt that there may not have been any Persian attacks on mainland Greece. This rebellion caused two major wars and these conflicts directly led to the rise of Athens and Sparta and weakened Persia. ==Conclusion==The Ionian Revolt was a doomed attempt to regain the independence of Greek city-states. It was, however, a serious challenge to the Persians, the superpower of the day. However, the Ionian cities were able to recover quickly, in part because of Darius’ clemency and pragmatism. The city-states had changed, and they were no longer vibrant cultural centers. The revolt was the end of the Ionian Enlightenment, but it also helped to spread its ideas around the Greek World and this was very important in the development of ancient philosophy and science. The other significant consequence of the rebellion was that it was one of the root causes of the Greek-Persian Wars, that was so important in the development of Antiquity and the evolution of the western world. ==Recommended Reading==Rung, Eduard. "Athens and the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 508/7 BC: Prologue to the Conflict." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 3 S2 (2015): 257.
====Recommended Reading====*Rung, Eduard. "Athens and the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 508/7 BC: Prologue to the Conflict." <i>Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences</i> 6, no. 3 S2 (2015): 257.*McKirahan, Richard D. <i>Philosophy before Socrates: An Introduction with Texts and Commentary</i> (London, Hackett Publishing 2011)*Guth, Dina. "The'Rise and Fall’ of Archaic Miletus." <i>Historia</i> 66, no. 1 (2017): 2-20.*Greaves, Alan M. "Miletus" <i>The Classical Review </i> 53, no. 1 (2003): 137-139.*Wiesehöfer, Josef. "Greeks and Persians." <i>A Companion to Archaic Greece</i> (2009): 162-185.