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====Ancient Origin====The first recorded prisons occurred in southern Mesopotamia during the time of Ur-Nammu, who was a king of the Ur III state at around 2000 BCE. The king was attributed with a law code, which spelled out the types of crimes people were put in prison for. This included kidnapping and extortion. At this time, prisons were presented as part of punishment, where people would be placed in these facilities for some period. It is not evident that prisons were intended to reform or change the behavior of the person incarcerated. In effect, prisons were an end point for punishment, but they could also be temporary before a different punishment could be given (e.g., such as enslavement). In ancient Egypt, prisons seem to be very unpleasant places that were purposely made uncomfortable, suggesting that prisons served as part of punishment and deterrent of crime, but not for any reform.<ref>For more on ancient prisons in Mesopotamia and early punishment, see: Tetlow, E.M. (2004) <i>Women, crime, and punishment in ancient law and society.</i> New York, Continuum.</ref>

The first recorded prisons occurred in southern Mesopotamia during In ancient China, the time of Urso-Nammucalled Legalism teachings were influential, who where punishment was a king of focus and often applied harsh penalties even for petty crime. Prison use as deterrent for behavior appears to be the Ur III state at around 2000 BCEfocus. The king was attributed with a law codeOne difference, however, which spelled out is that there is evidence by the types of crimes people were put Tang Dynasty, in prison for. This included kidnapping and extortion. At this timethe 1st millennium CE, prisons were presented as part of punishmentalso located near Buddhist monasteries, where people would be placed in these facilities for some suggesting that by that period. It is not evident that prisons were intended the idea of using religious teaching to reform or change the behavior of the person incarcerated. In effect, prison was part of the punishment and it prisoners may have not been used for anything elsetaken hold. In ancient Egypteffect, prisons seem to be very unpleasant places that were purposely made uncomfortable, suggesting this could represent that prisons served as part of more than just punishment and deterrent of crime, but not for any religious reform, and by extension behavior, could have been a key focus as part of prisoner change.<ref>For more on ancient prisons criminal punishment in Mesopotamia China and early punishmentphilosophy, see: TetlowMühlhahn, E.MK. (20042009) <i>Women, crime, and punishment Criminal justice in ancient law and society.China: a history</i> New York. Cambridge, ContinuumMass, Harvard University Press, pg. 363.</ref>

In ancient China, the so-called Legalism teachings were influential, where punishment was a focus and often applied harsh penalties even for petty crime. Prisons used as deterrent for behavior appears to be the focus. One difference, however, is that there is evidence by the Tang Dynasty, in the 1st millennium CE, prisons were also located near Buddhist monasteries, suggesting that by that period the idea of using religious teaching to reform prisoners may have taken hold. In effect, this could represent that prisons served more than just punishment, but religious reform, and by extension behavior, could have been a key focus.<ref>For more on criminal punishment in China and philosophy, see: Mühlhahn, K. (2009) <i>Criminal justice in China: a history</i>. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, pg. 363.</ref> In ancient Greece, prisons and punishment were also harsh, where punishment often included various means of torture, stoning, burning, and other very harsh treatments. However, from Plato, it is evident that some philosophers began to see that prisons and punishment should be used to reform individuals. Plato noted that punishment mostly made someone suffer, while it provided relatively little benefit to anyone. Plato discusses the idea that reform or rehabilitating a prisoner could be a focus of punishment.<ref>For more on Plato and his philosophy on punishment, see:Ritter, C. (2015)<i> The Essence of Plato’s philosophy</i>. London [u.a., Routledge, pg. 317.</ref>

====Medieval and Early Modern Prisons====Medieval prisons often were ad hoc facilities that simply utilised existing buildings such as basements of buildings or castle keeps (Figure 1). However, cities, such as York in England, began to develop specialized facilities, where the Mayor and Sheriff of the city had responsibility in placing prisoners within. At this time, the authority to jail often varied from the king to local officials. Detentions were at times used as part of the punishment, although torture and other harsh punishments were commonly conducted in prisonsas the main punishment. Hard labor was also a common form of punishment. For much of Europe, having been influenced by ancient Rome, imprisonment was a temporary measure before the punishment was administered, often being harsh labor or death.<ref>For more on Medieval European prisons, see: Geltner, G. (2013) <i>Medieval prison: a social history</i>. Place of publication not identified, Princeton Univ Press.</ref>  Things did begin to change by 1601, after the Poor Law (1601) was passed. This law stipulated the establishment of houses of correction, which were facilities that provided jobs and work for those who had been convicted of petty crime or those who refused to work. In effect, it was the first law that focused on putting some form of reform on petty criminal behavior rather than use prisons as holding centers or strictly for punishment. Eventually, these correction houses were placed as part of prisons, beginning the process of using both prisons and facilities to work in for prisoners as part of the same institution. The correction houses in the 1700s began to expand to other forms of crime, except usually severe crime such as murder. These correction houses also served as a pretrial place to put prisoners, often making them work, while they waited to be heard by a judge. The correction houses were soon established in the American colonies, particularly Massachusetts, where correction facilities and prisons soon become synonymous with jails, influencing how we use the terms today. Maryland, similarly, placed their correction houses as part of prisons, leading to similar association of the two places as part of the same establishment.<ref>For more on the significance of the Poor Law, see: Slack, P. (1995) The English poor law, 1531-1782. New studies in economic and social history. 1st Cambridge University Press ed. Cambridge ; New York, Cambridge University Press.</ref> [[File:Tower of London viewed from the River Thames.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 1. For the most part, prisons were not purpose built facilities in the Medieval period. One famous example from this period is the Tower of London.]]

==Modern Development==By Things did begin to change by 1601, after the Poor Law (1601) in England was passed. This law stipulated the 18th centuryestablishment of houses of correction, there which were facilities that provided jobs and work for those who had been convicted of petty crime or those who refused to work. In effect, it was greater pressure to reform the idea first law that focused on putting some form of reform on petty criminal behavior rather than use prisons and as holding centers or strictly for punishment. SoonEventually, more crimes did not result in execution these correction houses were placed as part or severe punishmentwithin prisons, but ideas beginning the process of banishment using both prisons and facilities to the colonies work in particular became a major way Britain dealt with for prisoners. With the loss as part of the colonies same institution. The correction houses in the American Revolution1700s began to expand to other forms of crime, except usually severe crime such as murder. These correction houses also served as a pretrial places to put prisoners, howeveroften making them work, Britain had while they waited to find be heard by a way to place many of its more petty criminalsjudge. This began The correction houses were soon established in the expansion of prions programAmerican colonies, particularly Massachusetts, including greater use of where correction housesfacilities and prisons soon become synonymous with jails, in influencing how we use the 18th centuryterms today. The Enlightenment influenced many thinkers at this timeMaryland, similarly, including how they saw prisons. The concept of rehabilitation became to be seen placed their correction houses as one goal part of prisons, where they can bring people back leading to "moral" behaviorsimilar association of the two places as part of the same establishment. This influenced <ref>For more on the significance of the idea that prisons should be created to more adequately house peoplePoor Law, providing better facilities for sleepingsee: Slack, eatingP. (1995) The English poor law, 1531-1782. New studies in economic and day-to-day functionssocial history. 1st Cambridge University Press ed. Cambridge ; New York, including work in the correction housesCambridge University Press. </ref>

The publication by John Howard, <i>State ====Modern Development====[[File:Millbank Prison Plan.jpg|thumbnail|left|Figure 2. Millbank Prison was influential in its design and administration of Prisons </i>prisoners.]]By the 18th century, influenced there was greater pressure to reform the design idea of prisons and punishment. Soon, more crimes did not result in execution or severe punishment, but ideas of banishment to the colonies in particular became a major way Britain and Europedealt with prisoners. The idea With the loss of clearly divided cellsthe colonies in the American Revolution, however, paid professional staff working Britain had to find a way to place or punish many of its more petty criminals. This began the expansion of the prisonsprogram, including greater use of correction houses, having separate administration in prisonsthe 18th century. The Enlightenment influenced many thinkers at this time, and dividing the sexes within including how they saw prisons began to develop. He also advocated the use The concept of work and religious instruction rehabilitation became to be seen as a way one goal of prisons, where they can bring people back to help individuals and "moral" behavior. This influenced the idea that prisons should be inspected created to prevent potential more adequately house people, providing better facilities for abuse. He stated that feeding sleeping, eating, and care of prisoners should be at a high standardday-to-day functions, including work in the correction houses. These reforms continued into the early 19th <ref>For more on 18th century's concept of punishment, when at this point religious movementssee: McLynn, such as the Quakers, began to minister F. (1989) <i>Crime and punishment in prisonseighteenth-century England</i>. London ; New York, where they provided not only religious instruction but also tried to continue improving the treatment of prisonersRoutledge.</ref>

The philosopher Jeremy Bentham advocated In Pennsylvania, the role idea of prisons to more greatly focus a state prison developed, where prison was seen as incarceration facilities a form of repentance that also provided one did for rehabilitation their crimes. Work and time served were seen as part of prisoners proved to be influential in leading the punishment, but prison was seen as a way to reform the development of modern prisonsperson. Millbank Prison in London (Figure 2), built in 1816However, is often considered the first truly modern prison, where there idea of reform was a large yard, that prisoners had fixed sentences of periods of incarceration, were mostly kept by themselves and it served as given a national penitentiary that the state used as the form of punishmentBible. While the prison proved The idea was to be expensive give time to run, ultimately diminishing its role, it served as the model that subsequent person to understand their wrongs and reform. Other prisons, such as Pentonville built New York's Newgate prison, developed from this idea.<ref>For more on prisons in 1842the American Colonies and early US history, which still exists todaysee: Kann, developedM.E. Religious instruction(2005) <i>Punishment, workprisons, and exercise became patriarchy: liberty and power in the common pattern followed in prison, where this idea now spreadearly American republic</i>. New York, including the building of other prisons throughout Europe and the United StatesNew York University Press. </ref>

By The publication by John Howard, <i>State of Prisons </i>, influenced the late 19th centurydesign of prisons in Britain and Europe. The idea of clearly divided cells, paid professional staff working prisons, having separate administration in prisons, there was greater attention and dividing the sexes within prisons began to develop. He also advocated the mental state use of work and other activities as a way to help individuals and that prisons should be inspected to prevent potential for abuse by those in authority. He stated that feeding and care of prisonersshould be at a high standard. Solitary seclusion was no longer seen These reforms continued into the early 19th century, when at this point religious movements, such as always being an appropriate punishmentthe Quakers, began to minister in prisons, and social time was seen as needed. Reform where they provided not only religious instruction but also tried to continue improving the mental well being as well as treatment of prisoners.<ref>For more on the character influence of John Howard, see: Howard, J. (2013) <i>The State of prisoners began to spread as the Prisons in England and Wales: With Preliminary Observations and an important idea into the 20th centuryAccount of Some Foreign Prisons</i>. Cambridge Library Collection. Cambridge, UK.</ref>

[[File:The philosopher Jeremy Bentham advocated the role of prisons to more greatly focus as incarceration facilities that also provided for rehabilitation of prisoners. This proved to be influential in leading to the development of modern prisons. Millbank Prison Plan.jpg|thumbnail|in London (Figure 2), built in 1816, is often considered the first truly modern prison, where there was a large yard, prisoners had fixed sentences of periods of incarceration, and it served as a national penitentiary that the state used as the form of punishment. Millbank Prison was influential While the prison proved to be expensive to run, ultimately diminishing its role, it served as the model that subsequent prisons, such as Pentonville built in 1842, which still exists today, developed. Religious instruction, work, and exercise became the common pattern followed in its design prison, where this idea now spread, including the building of other prisons throughout Europe and administration the United States. By the early 19th century, prisons now became the final destination of prisonerspunishment rather than as a holding area.<ref>For more on the early modern prisons, see: Yvonne Jewkes, Ben Crewe, & Jamie Bennett (eds.) (2016)<i> Handbook of prisons. Second edition</i>. London ; New York, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, pg. 30.]]</ref>

==Summary==Very few exception in ancient history show prisons as being By the final part of punishment. At timeslate 19th century, it seems people were incarcerated in prisons for there was greater attention to the length mental state of their prisoners. Solitary seclusion was no longer seen as always being an appropriate punishment, such where social time was seen as in Mesopotamianeeded. However, prions were generally holding areas until Reform to the mental well being as well as the final punishment could be administered. Philosophical character of prisoners began to spread as an important ideas of reform may have influenced some ancient prisons, but this would have been into the exception. It was only during the 1600s and later that the idea of prisons being part of a reform system developed. At first, labor within prisons was used, along with religious instruction20th century. This also then led to the development also of the idea of purpose built that separate facilities for the criminal and mentally unstable to be established, as part medical science was increasingly understanding people did not always have easy control of their actions and how a state's wider penal system, where in the person was confined could influence their behavior. <ref>For more on late 18th century 19th and early 19th 20th century we see the development of state prisons and national penitentiary concepts developeddesign, see: Phillips III, D. Throughout W. (2013) <i>Mental Health Issues in the 19th century, the establishment of prisons spread in North American and BritainCriminal Justice System</i>. In Europe and elsewhere, purpose built prisons did not develop as commonly but began to spread only by the 19th century[Online]. TodayHoboken, reform is a big focus for prisons in many countries; however, society still debates how to balance reform with punishment, where prisons are now seen as the end point of the penal system rather than as transitoryTaylor and Francis.</ref>

====Summary====Very few exceptions in ancient history show prisons as being the final part of punishment. At times, it seems people were incarcerated in prisons for the length of their punishment, such as in Mesopotamia. However, prions were generally holding areas until the final punishment could be administered. Philosophical ideas of reform may have influenced some ancient prisons, but this would have been the exception. It was only during the 1600s and later that the idea of prisons being part of a reform system developed. At first, labor within prisons was used, along with religious instruction. This also then led to the idea of purpose built facilities as part of a state's wider penal system, where in the late 18th century and early 19th century we see the development of state prisons and national penitentiary concepts developed. Throughout the 19th century, the establishment of prisons spread in North American and Britain. In Europe and elsewhere, purpose built prisons did not develop as commonly but began to also become more professionally administered by the mid to late 19th century. Today, reform is a big focus for prisons in many countries; however, society still debates how to balance reform with punishment and what the role of prisons should be in society.{{Mediawiki:Cell}}====References====<references/>{{Contributors}}