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==Effect on North America==
The effect on North America in relation to this battle are complex. Initially, many Scottish settlers arrived in the American Colonies as refugees or as those forced to move there. Perhaps though the greatest effects were felt in Nova Scotia. Initially, Nova Scotia was actually settled by more non-Scottish British, despite the region's name, as a series of wars led to British expansion there. During the American Revolution, there were attempts for Nova Scotia to join the rebellion. Battles were fought there in revolt against the British and often the region was called the "14th Colony," but from 1773 and on, initially with the ship <i>Hector</i> arriving, the character of the province began to change as Scottish immigrants, many of whom who had direct ties to those who participated in Culloden, came as refugees or economic migrants forced out due to the aftermaths of poverty and political ostracism(Figure 2).<ref>For more on Scottish migration to North America in the 18th century, see: Warren R. Hofstra (ed.) (2011) <i>Ulster to America: the Scots-Irish migration experience, 1680-1830</i>. 1st ed. Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press.</ref>
Initially, many Scottish migrants did support the American colonists, but American raids on Nova Scotia, where looting and destruction was carried out by the Americans, led to many in Nova Scotia affirming their loyalties to the British rather than the Americans, who were often seen as raiders or even pirates. Nova Scotia then increasingly became a major destination for Scottish migration, as the formally fleeing highlanders and other clan members encouraged other migration to the region. As migration increased, and benefits to migrants developed through the acquisition of land, many of them increased their loyalties to the British government. Eventually, Scots become a major part of the migrant population throughout Nova Scotia and then expanding into other parts of Canada. More migrants arrived after the American Revolution, as many Scots fled the American Colonies after they gained their independence because now many were seen as a potential "5th column" within the United States. In effect, what Culloden had done is hasten the rate of migration to North America and Nova Scotia in particular that also helped to lead to subsequent migration, including into other parts of Canada.<ref>For more on Nova Scotia and Scottish migrants, see: Campey, L.H. (2004) <i>After the Hector: the Scottish pioneers of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, 1773-1852</i>. Toronto, Natural Heritage Books.</ref>
For the natives of the region of Nova Scotia, such as the Mi'kmaq, they increasingly became marginalized and pushed deeper into the wilderness regions of Nova Scotia. This, over time, created a subjugation of not only the native population but also discrimination, often similar to what the fleeing highlanders' ancestors had faced back in Britain. The British government was also seen as the power to protect the migrants from native populations and later the United States. For the native population, the effects of Culloden were very negative, as it led to migration to their lands and their subjugation. Nova Scotia continued to be seen as a friendly place towards Scots into the 19th century, which hastened the pace of migration to Canada in that time from regions of Scotland.<ref>For more on the later history of migration into Canada and Nova Scotia, see: Owram, D. (1994) <i>Canadian history:: a reader’s guide. 1: Beginnings to Confederation</i>. Toronto, Univ. of Toronto Press.</ref>
[[File:The Hector (replica), Pictou, Nova Scotia.jpg|thumbnail|Figure 2. Replica of the <i>Hector</i>, which brought Scottish migrants to Nova Scotia.]]
==Summary==
