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__NOTOC__[[File:5346336 198ca26a.jpg|thumbnail|left|300px|Figure 1. The site of the Battle of Culloden.]]The battle Battle of Culloden occurred on April 16, 1746 , and was the last pitched battle in Britain. Effectively, it defeated and put an end to a series of Jacobite uprisings that had been ongoing since the 1688 following the Glorious Revolution, which . It also put an end to the male-line succession of the House of Stuart on the British throne. The Jacobites were a group who wanted ' primary goal was to restore the Stuart line, . The Jacobites were predominately Scots who had become Catholic, and many of the supporters were Scots, particularly Catholics from the highland regions of Scotland.

====Background to the Battle====The House of Stuart had ruled Scotland from 1371 until 1603; from 1603 until the death of Queen Anne in 1714, they ruled the united crowns of England and Scotland and what became Great Britain after the act of Union that formalized the integration of Scotland and England. However, in 1688, the removal of James II in the Glorious Revolution effectively meant that the Stuart male-line succession would die out. While the revolution has often been seen as "bloodless," the reality was many people were not happy with the overthrow of the Stuarts and bloody repressions occurred, as the Stuarts were seen as the legitimate heirs by their supporters in Scotland and England.<ref>For more on the Stuarts and the Glorious Revolution, see: </ref> Massie, A. (2013) <i>The Royal Stuarts: A History of the Family that Shaped Britain</i>. New York, St. Martin’s Griffin.

The House This situation led to a series of revolts by supporters of the Stuarts, many of Stuart had ruled whom came from Scotland from 1371 until 1603 . While upheaval occurred as early as 1688, the major rebellions were 1715 and then from 1603 until 1745. The last rebellion was effectively ended in the death battle of Queen Anne in 1714Culloden, they ruled which occurred near Inverness. The battle pitted the British forces led by the united crowns Duke of England and Scotland and what became Great Britain. HoweverCumberland, in 1688or Prince William Augustus, who was the removal son of James George II in , and the Jacobites led by Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), the Stuart heir. George II was the Glorious Revolution effectively meant that second Hanoverian king who ruled after the Stuart male line succession would die outdynasty in Great Britain. While many Protestants wanted a Protestant monarch at all costs, others saw that the revolution has often been seen as "bloodless," Hanovarian claim on the reality throne was many people were not happy with the overthrow of the Stuartslegitimate, as they were seen as very distantly related to the Stuarts or any royal British family. On the other hand, the legitimate heirs Hanovarian supporters realized they had to get a monarch who not likely tries to weaken Parliament's increasing role in Scotland and EnglandBritish affairs.<ref>For more on the Stuarts and the Glorious RevolutionJacobite rebellions, see: </ref> MassieBarthorp, M. & Embleton, AG. (20131982) <i>The Royal Stuarts: A History of the Family that Shaped BritainJacobitic rebellions 1689-1745</i>. New YorkLondon, St. Martin’s GriffinOsprey.</ref>

This situation led to a series of revolts by supporters The Duke of Cumberland saw the Stuarts, many of whom came from Scotland. While upheaval occurred battle as early as 1688, the major rebellions were 1715 and 1745an opportunity to prove himself. The last rebellion Duke's military was effectively ended checkered and going into the battle he was seen as a weak leader particularly after his failures in the battle War of Austrian Succession. He had been a leading general that fought against the French and Dutch, but he suffered major defeats while fighting in Europe. Cullodengave him another chance to prove himself. Charles Stuart, which occurred near Invernesson the other hand, had a privileged upbringing in Rome, but he had relatively little battlefield experience. The battle pitted the British forces led by Highland clans were the Duke bulk of CumberlandStuart's support, or Prince William Augustus, who was while the son British had a mix of George IIEnglish, Scottish, and German troops. The British troops were generally more professional, although the Jacobites led by Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie)also did have regular French and Irish troops, they made only a minority of the Stuart heirforces. George II was the second Hanoverian king who ruled after the Stuart dynasty in Great Britain. While The government forces were composed of nearly 8000, with many Protestants wanted a Protestant monarch at all costswell-trained officers as well, others saw that while the Hanovarian claim on the throne was not legitimate, as they were very distantly related to the Stuarts or any royal British familyJacobites had about 7000. <ref>For more on the Jacobite rebellionslead up to the battle, see: BarthorpPittock, M. & Embleton, G. (19822016) <i>The Jacobitic rebellions 1689-1745Culloden (Cùil Lodair): Great battles</i>. LondonOxford, OspreyOxford University Press.</ref>

The Duke of Cumberland saw the battle as an opportunity Stuart was advised by his military councilors to prove himselffight a guerrilla war, where going into the battle given his military disadvantages, but he ultimately did not feel this was seen by many as a weak leader particularly way a legitimate king should fight. In effect, he wanted to replicate what Henry VII did in claiming the throne for his failures in the War of Austrian SuccessionTutors over the last Plantagenet king. He had been Thus, a leading general that fought against formal, pitched battle commenced and within an hour the French battle was over and Dutch, but he the Jacobites suffered major defeats while fighting in Europe. Culloden gave him another chance to prove himself. Charles Stuart, on the other hand, had a privileged upbringing in Romecrushing defeat, but he had relatively little battlefield experiencewith nearly 2000 killed or wounded (Figure 1). The highland clans were aftermath also saw bloody repressions in the bulk of Stuart's support, while highlands by the British had a mix of Englishunits, Scottish, and German troopsas they moved to put down further potential uprisings. The British troops were generally more professionals, although the Jacobites also did have regular French Stuart heir was then chased around Scotland and Irish troops, but they made only a minority of the forcesHebrides before ultimately reaching France for permanent exile. The government forces were composed House of nearly 8000, while Stuart never again was able to seriously threaten to retake the Jacobites had about 7000crown of Britain.<ref>For more on the lead up to the battleCharles Stuart, see: PittockMcLynn, MF. (20162003) <i>Culloden (Cùil Lodair)Bonnie Prince Charlie: Great battlesCharles Edward Stuart</i>. OxfordLondon, Oxford University PressPimlico.</ref>

Stuart was advised by his military councilors ====Effect of the Battle on Great Britain====The effect of the battle on Great Britain is it made the British government realize the needed to fight a guerilla war, given his disadvantage militarily, but he ultimately did not feel this was find a way a legitimate king should fightto integrate the highlands of Scotland and other areas where potential uprisings could occur more closely into the country. Thus, This was also a formal, pitched battle commenced and within an hour time when the battle British Empire was over expanding through their colonial settlements in North America and elsewhere. The British government began to send prisoners and others associated with the uprisings to the Jacobites suffered distant colonies as a crushing defeatway to banish potential threats from the homeland. Some of those who had ties to the battle at Culloden did ultimately become supporters of the American Revolution, with nearly 2000 killed or wounded. The aftermath also saw bloody repressions and even participated in the highlands by battles, but this was not universally true, as others supported the British unitsgovernment. In effect, as they moved to put down further potential the uprisings. The Stuart heir was then chased around in Scotland and Hebrides before ultimately reaching France for permanent exile. The House of Stuart never again was able the battle specifically created a pattern that lasted through the 19th century, where the British government began to use its overseas territories as a way to seriously threaten remove elements it did not consider desirable or as threats to retake the crown of Britaingovernment.<ref>For more on Charles StuartBritish policy on how it dealt with rebellions in the 18th century, see: McLynnJones, FA.J. (20031998) <i>Bonnie Prince CharlieCulloden to the colonies: Charles Edward Stuartthe collected reminiscences of a McDonald family whose ancestor fought at the Battle of Culloden in 1746</i>. LondonBrisbane, PimlicoL.H. McDonald.</ref>

==Effect In addition to people being physically moved from Britain, Parliament passed laws, such as the Heritable Jurisdictions Act, which began to curtail the power of the Battle on clan chiefs in Scotland. While reprisals drove people from their homes, including arguably a concerted ethnic cleansing of clans in the highlands, the laws passed helped to begin the process of weakening the traditional clan chiefs and their power, including such families as the MacDonalds. Ultimately, this weakening of the clans allowed the government to step into the highland regions and make them more formally part of Great Britain through appointed government officials, sometimes coming from London, rather than local clan members. This also brought the highland regions into the economy of Great Britain==. For others in Scotland, the downfall of the clan system in the Scottish highlands allowed new families to arise, in particular those with connections to the mercantile and trade towns that began to benefit from increased and expanding British trade in the 18th century. This included the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, where people from these towns began to have greater economic and political power in the highlands.<ref>For more on the downfall of the clan system in Scotland, see: Murphy, A. (2011) <i>Scotland Highlands & Islands handbook</i>. Bath, Footprint, pg. 424.</ref>

In addition to people being physically moved from Britain====Effect on North America====[[File:The Hector (replica), Parliament passed lawsPictou, such as Nova Scotia.jpg|thumbnail|left|Figure 2. Replica of the Heritable Jurisdictions Act<i>Hector</i>, which began brought Scottish migrants to Nova Scotia.]]The effect on North America in relation to curtail this battle are complex. Initially, many Scottish settlers arrived in the power of American Colonies as refugees or as those forced to move there. Perhaps though the clan chiefs greatest effects were felt in ScotlandNova Scotia. In addition to reprisals and ethnic cleansing of clans in Initially, Nova Scotia was actually settled by more non-Scottish British, despite the highlandsregion's name, the laws passed helped as a series of wars led to begin British expansion there. During the process of weakening the traditional clan chiefs and their powerAmerican Revolution, including such families as there were attempts for Nova Scotia to join the MacDonaldsrebellion. Ultimately, this weakening of Battles were fought there in revolt against the clans allowed British and often the government to step into region was called the highland regions and make them more formally as part of Great Britain through appointed government officials"14th Colony, sometimes coming " but from London1773 and on, rather than local clan members. For others in Scotlandinitially with the ship <i>Hector</i> arriving, the downfall character of the clan system in the province began to change as Scottish highlands allowed new families immigrants, many of whom who had direct ties to arisethose who participated in Culloden, in particular those with connections came as refugees or economic migrants forced out due to the mercantile and trade towns that began to benefit from increased and expanding British trade in the 18th century. This included the cities aftermaths of Glasgow poverty and Edinburghpolitical ostracism (Figure 2).<ref>For more on Scottish migration to North America in the downfall of the clan system in Scotland18th century, see: Murphy, AWarren R. Hofstra (ed. ) (2011) <i>Scotland Highlands & Islands handbookUlster to America: the Scots-Irish migration experience, 1680-1830</i>. Bath1st ed. Knoxville, Footprint, pg. 424University of Tennessee Press.</ref>

==Effect Initially, many Scottish migrants did support the American colonists, but American raids on Nova Scotia, where looting and destruction was carried out by the Americans, led to many in Nova Scotia affirming their loyalties to the British rather than the Americans, who were often seen as raiders or even pirates. Nova Scotia then increasingly became a major destination for Scottish migration, as the formally fleeing highlanders and other clan members encouraged other migration to the region. As migration increased, and benefits to migrants developed through the acquisition of land, many of them increased their loyalties to the British government. Eventually, Scots become a major part of the migrant population throughout Nova Scotia and then expanding into other parts of Canada. More migrants arrived after the American Revolution, as many Scots fled the American Colonies after they gained their independence because now many were seen as a potential "5th column" within the United States. In effect, what Culloden had done is hasten the rate of migration to North America==and Nova Scotia in particular that also helped to lead to subsequent migration, including into other parts of Canada.<ref>For more on Nova Scotia and Scottish migrants, see: Campey, L.H. (2004) <i>After the Hector: the Scottish pioneers of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, 1773-1852</i>. Toronto, Natural Heritage Books.</ref>

The effect on North America in relation to this battle are complex. Initially, many Scottish settlers arrived in For the American Colonies as refugees or as those forced to move there. Perhaps though natives of the greatest effects were felt in region of Nova Scotia. Initially, such as the Mi'kmaq, they increasingly became marginalized and pushed deeper into the wilderness regions of Nova Scotia was actually settled by more non-Scottish British. This, despite the region's nameover time, as created a series subjugation of wars led to British expansion there. During not only the American Revolutionnative population but also discrimination, there were attempts for Nova Scotia often similar to join what the rebellionfleeing highlanders' ancestors had faced back in Britain. Battles were fought there in revolt against the The British and often government was also seen as the region was called power to protect the "14th Colony," but migrants from 1773 native populations and on, initially with later the United States. For the ship <i>Hector</i> arrivingnative population, the character effects of the province began Culloden were very negative, as it led to migration to their lands and their subjugation. Nova Scotia continued to change be seen as Scottish immigrantsa friendly place towards Scots into the 19th century, many which hastened the pace of whom who had direct ties migration to those who participated Canada in Culloden, came as refugees or economic migrants forced out due to the aftermaths that time from regions of poverty and political ostracismScotland.<reref>For more on Scottish the later history of migration to North America in the 18th centuryinto Canada and Nova Scotia, see: Warren ROwram, D. Hofstra (ed.) (20111994) <i>Ulster Canadian history:: a reader’s guide. 1: Beginnings to America: the Scots-Irish migration experience, 1680-1830Confederation</i>. 1st edToronto, Univ. Knoxville, University of Tennessee Toronto Press.</ref>

Initially====Summary====The Jacobite uprising of 1745 proved to have a lasting impact, many did support although probably quite different from what the American colonists, but American raids on Nova Scotia, where looting British government and destruction was carried out by Jacobites had expected. For the AmericansBritish, led to many they achieved immediate benefits in Nova Scotia affirming their loyalties that they were able to integrate the British, who were now seen as protectors. Nova Scotia then increasingly became a major destination for Scottish migration, as the formally fleeing highlanders highlands and other clan members encourage other migration to effectively begin the region. Eventually, Scots become a major part process of destroying the migrant population throughout Nova Scotia and then expanding into other parts of Canadaclan system. More migrants arrived after However, policies also created the American Revolutionseeds for rebellion, in places such as many Scots fled the American Colonies after they gained their independence because now many were seen colonies, but it also opened up areas such as a potential "5th column" within the United States. In effect, what Culloden had done is hasten the rate of migration to North America and Nova Scotia in particular that also helped to lead to subsequent migration.<ref>For more on Nova Scotia and Scottish migrants, see: Campey, L.H. (2004) <i>After the Hector: the become a major destination for Scottish pioneers of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, 1773-1852</i>. Torontoby extension, Natural Heritage BooksJacobite supporters.</ref>

For This shaped the natives history of Canada, in that Scottish migration picked up significantly after the rebellion and later American Revolution. Scottish highlander sympathy for the American Colonists soon changed due to raids in Canada, which provoked animosity that lasted into the region War of Nova Scotia1812, such as there was little support by then for any revolt against the Mi'kmaqBritish government, since they increasingly became marginalized and push deeper into were seen by then as the wilderness regions better protectors of Nova Scotiathe Scottish migrants. This, over timeIn effect, created a subjugation of not only the native population but also discriminationlong-term impact became complex, often similar to what the fleeing highlanders' ancestors had faced back in Britain. While initially with initial support for the highlanders and others did have animosity rebellion against the British, that began to change as they saw benefits provided government by the British government in protecting them from native populations or the United States after 1776. Nova Scotia continued to be seen Jacobite supporters lingering for some time but then eventually changing as a friendly place towards Scots into the 19th century, which hastened the pace realities of migration began to Canada in that time from regions of Scotland.<ref>For be more on important than the later history of migration into Canada and Nova Scotia, see: Owram, D. (1994) <i>Canadian history:: a reader’s guide. 1: Beginnings event that led to Confederation</i>. Toronto, Univ. of Toronto Pressthose migrations.====References====<references/ref>

==Summary==The Jacobite uprising of 1745 proved to have lasting impact, although probably quiet different what the British government and Jacobites had expected. For the British, they achieved immediate benefits in that they were able to integrate the [[Category:English History]] [[Category:Scottish highlands and effectively destroy the clan system. However, policies also created the seeds for rebellion, in places such as the History]] [[Category:Colonial American colonies, but it also opened up areas such as Nova Scotia to become a major destination for Scottish and, by extension, Jacobite supporters. This shaped the history of Canada, in that Scottish migration picked up significantly after the rebellion and later American Revolution. Scottish highlander sympathy for the American Colonists soon changed due to raids in Canada, which proved to be animosity that lasted into the War of 1812, as there was little support by then for any revolt against the British government, since they were seen by then as the better protectors of the Scottish migrants. In effect, the long-term impact became complex, with initial support for rebellion against the British government lingering for some time but then eventually changing as the realities of migration began to be more important than the event that led to those migrations. ==References==History]] [[Category:United States History]][[Category:Wikis]]