Changes

Wild grapes <i>Vitis vinifera</i> are found Already in its early development, wine became associated with ritual consumption based on the eastern Mediterranean regions, stretching from Turkey, context of some archaeological finds. This includes being used for libations to gods and the dead; ritual drinking of wine represented commemoration of the southern Caucasus, gods and northern Iranthe dead. The earliest known wine production is found in northern IranVery likely, the site of Hajji Faruz, alcoholic properties also gave it a site that dates between 6000-5500 BCE (Figure 1). From evidencemystical aspect, suggesting why it seems this early wine used terebinth as a form of preservativewas associated with the gods. Health benefits were also likely realized, similar where the alcohol was known to Greek wine Retsina that is still drunk todaykill harmful substances. This would suggest that Retsina wine is By the oldest known 4th millennium BCE, wine typefrom some regions began to be seen as being of high quality and sought after. The prehistoric Egyptian king Scorpion saw wine itself as something to be taken to the next world, where his tomb was made evident by residue of tartaric acid, a substance commonly found in grape wine. Both white and red wines were likely developed at to contain about the same time, as the main difference is in fermenting 700 jars filled with (red wine) or without from the Levant (white wineIsrael and Lebanon) the grape skins.<ref>For more on the Neolithic innovation early exports of wine productionand its use in ritual, see: McGovernCharters, Patrick EStephen. 20072006. <i>Ancient Wineand Society: The Search for the Origins Social and Cultural Context of Viniculturea Drink.</i.> 4. print., 1. paperback print. PrincetonAmsterdam ; Boston: Princeton Univ. PressElsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann.</ref>

In China, residue ==Spread of rice-based wine, perhaps even earlier than wine Wine==Pips from wild grape varieties have been found in the Near EastGreece about 12, has been found000 years ago. However, other possibilitiesdomesticated grapes and wine making arrived by 4000 BCE. By this time, rather than a fermented drink, cannot be ruled out. Tartaric acid was platforms for crushing grapes have been found in clay jars; at first, suggesting fermentation. While rice wine may have developed early onwas probably a household activity, but by the Bronze and Iron Age it stayed mostly became more industrial in east Asiascale. Rice wine spread Wine from Byblos and other Phoenician cities in the eastern coast of the Mediterranean began to spread widely by the 1st 3rd millennium BCE to India, Japan, Southeast Asia, and traded across the Korean Peninsularegion. In Africa and tropical regions of Malaysia, India, and Southeast Asia, types of Palm wine have been produced. It is not clear how old this tradition is but it does Wine made from domesticated grapes began to spread throughout the Mediterranean most likely go back due to ancient periodsPhoenician traders. Palm wine can be made by collecting date palm sap Wine now became spread to North Africa and letting it ferment, where it can then be filtered to remove impuritiesSouthern Europe (e.g.<ref>For more on rice and palm wine, see: Cyrus Redding, ReddingFigure 1). 2008. <i>History and Description With the spread of Modern Wines.</i> Place of publication not identified: Applewood Books.</ref>  Already in its early developmentwine, wine became other regions began to be associated with ritual consumption based on the context of some archaeological finds. This includes being used for libations to gods and the deadbetter quality wine. Very likelyArmenia, the alcoholic properties also gave it a mystical aspect. By the 4th millennium BCEin particular, wine from some regions began to be seen as being of associated with high quality wine, where gifts of wine from Armenia were well known and sought aftergiven in diplomatic acts between states. In the prehistoric Egyptian king ScorpionAchaemenid period, in the tomb found contained about 700 jars filled with 5th century BCE, gifts of wine from were shown to be given to the Levant (Israel and Lebanon)Persian king on reliefs.<ref>Fore For more on early exports of how the Phoenicians helped spread wine and its use in ritual, see: Charters Hames, StephenGina. 20062012. <i>Wine and Society: The Social and Cultural Context of a DrinkAlcohol in World History.</i> Amsterdam ; BostonRoutledge: Elsevier/Butterworth-HeinemannLondon, pg. 24.</ref> [[File:Archeological sites - wine and oil (English).jpg|thumbnail|Figure 1. Places where grape wine has been located from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age.]]

==Spread of Wine==Pips from wild grape varieties have been found in Greece about 12,000 years ago. However, domesticated grapes and To help spread wine making arrived by 4000 BCE. By this time, platforms for crushing grapes not only did seafaring have been found. Wine from Byblos and other Phoenician cities in the eastern coast of the Mediterranean began to spread widely by the 3rd millennium BCEdevelop so that it could more easily reach distant regions, traded across the regionbut preservation techniques were needed. Wine made from domesticated grapes began can easily turn to spread throughout the Mediterranean most likely due to Phoenician tradersvinegar if not properly sealed. Wine now became spread The Phoenicians used olive oil to North Africa and Southern Europe. With seal containers so that it could be more easily transported across the spread of wine, specific regions began to be associated with better quality wineMediterranean as their ships were dispatched. ArmeniaEventually, in particular, began to be associated with high quality wine, where gifts of wine from Armenia grapes were renown. In the Achaemenid period, in the 5th century BCE, gifts also brought and regions along southern Europe became good growing areas for grapes after sevearl generations of wine were shown to be given to the Persian kinggrowing.<ref>For more on how the Phoenicians helped spread early winewas preserved, see: HamesJackson, GinaRon S. 20122014. <i>Alcohol in World HistoryWine Science: Principles, Practice, Perception.</i> RoutledgeFourth edition. Amsterdam: LondonAcademic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, pg. 24615. </ref>

To help In the Roman period, wine began to spread wine, not only did seafaring have to develop so that it could more easily reach distant northerly regionsin Gaul (France), Germany, but preservation techniques were neededand even Britain. Wine can easily turn Greek colonists had already brought wine to vinegar if not properly sealedparts of Europe by the 600s BCE. The Phoenicians used olive oil However, the spread of wine by the Roman period helped establish the foundations to seal containers so a variety of wine types that were adapted to different climates and also create a taste for wine that it could be more easily transported across lasted long after the Mediterranean Roman period. Some climates, such as their ships in Britain, were dispatchedmore difficult for growing grapes, but the importation of wine became more common, acculturating the population to wine consumption. EventuallyGreek wine became well known in this period for its quality, grapes were also brought while wine from Italy was considered more common and regions along southern Europe became good growing areas average wine for the masses. Wine types known to us, such as chardonnay. may have derived by crossing grapesGouais blanc with Pinot noir grapes found in France during this time.<ref>For more on how early wine was preservedspread in the Classical period, see: JacksonEstreicher, Ron SStefan K. 20142006. <i>Wine Science: Principles, Practice, PerceptionFrom Neolithic Times to the 21st Century.</i> Fourth edition. AmsterdamNew York: Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, pg. 615Algora Pub.</ref>

In the Roman period, wine began to spread to more northerly regions in Gaul (France), Germany, and even Britain. Greek colonists had already brought wine to parts of Europe by the 600s BCE. However, the spread of wine by the Roman period helped laid the foundations to a variety of wine taps that were adapted to different climates. Some climates, such as in Britain, were more difficult for growing grapes, but the importation of wine became more common, acculturating the population to wine consumption. Greek wine became well known in this period for its quality, while wine from Italy was considered more common and average wine for the masses. Wine types known to us such as chardonnay may have derived by crossing grapes Gouais blanc with Pinot noir grapes found in France.<ref>For more on how wine spread in the Classical period, see: Estreicher, Stefan K. 2006. <i>Wine: From Neolithic Times to the 21st Century.</i> New York: Algora Pub.<dh-ad/ref>

[[File:29-autunno,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpeg|left|300px|thumbnail|Figure 2. 14th century wine pressing.]]After the Roman collapse in Europe, very like the culture of wine would have died as well. However, the now spiritual connection of wine with religious sacraments, along with local populations having become accustomed to this Mediterranean product during the Roman period, kept its relevance even in regions where it did not grow well. Thus, as Christianity spread, so did wine. Northern Europe became more of a beer and ale drinking culture, due to the climate being more favorable to wheat and barley based alcoholic drinks. However, the need wine for in mass resulted in the constant need to import wine. This also created an important business opportunity for a variety of monastic orders, as the needs of the church created a constant and strong market. Thus, perhaps not surprisingly, the best and most prolific wine producers in the early Medieval period were different orders of monasteries, where many of these continue to make wine today. The Benedictines, in particular, became well known wine makers, often exporting their produce to raise funds in addition to being used for sacraments. Virtual monopolies were established throughout Europe by monastic orders on wine production and trade.<ref>For more on monastic wines, see: Simon, Joanna. 2001. <i>Wine: An Introduction.</i> 1st American ed. New York: DK Pub, pg. 18.</ref>

After centuries of growing grapes in different parts of Europe, varieties began to form that have had become some of the best known wine types today. Riesling, for instance, was a white grape variety that grew well in the Rhine Valley, which has developed their since the 15th century. Burgundy , with its favorable climate and soil for many types of grapes, in France became well known for variety of winesmany wine types, including developing Pino Gris, Pinot noir, and chablis and others that had begun to develop already by the Roman period. Chenin blanc was another white grape variety developed in Anjou (Figure 2).<ref>For more on types of wines and their history, see: Singh, Dueep. 2013. <i>The Miracle of Wine History, Making, Selling, Preserving, Enjoying</i>. JD-BZ Publishing.</ref>

In the New World, Vitis (or grape family) vines did grow, but they do not seemed seem to have been utilized from making wineby prehistoric cultures. Although various alcoholic drinks were known to native populations in the New World, it was the Spanish that brough brought grape wine types from Europe to the New World. The Portuguese also spread grape wine to Brazil. As shipping was still relatively poor in preserving wine quality, early Spanish explorers and settlers soon preferred to grow wine rather than import it from Europe. With wine production moving to the New World, many experiments began to make wine more adept in growing in more extreme climates found in the New World. British explorers to Australia and New Zealand also brought different grapes and since the late 18th century the wine culture in Australia and later New Zealand, although initially failing, began to be come very successful in the 19th century. Types of shiraz wine, in particular, grew well in those regions. In New Zealand, Syrah and Pinot noir grapes were also among the initial successful wines that grew in the climate.<ref>Fore more on the spread of wine to the New World and other regions, see: Unwin, P. T. H. 1996. <i>Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade.</i> London; New York: Routledge, pg. 204.</ref>

In the United States, the oldest continuous winery is found in New York state, which was founded by a French Huguenot, settlers in 1810. Wine spread to cold regions of Canada, where specialized ice wine became developed, which is a that took advantage of short growing seasons; this type of wine developed into a very sweet wine. By 1811, settlers in Hawaii even began to grow wine in tropical conditions.<ref>For more on the history of wine growing in the United States, see: Pinney, Thomas. 2007. <i>A History of Wine in America: From the Beginnings to Prohibition.</i> Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press.</ref>

[[File==Summary==More recently in the 20th century, prohibition in the United States and other temperance movements threatened the culture of wine in different countries. However, as wine production has improved with new bottling technologies, and new types of grapes adapted to different climates developed, wine production has not ceased to expand. Although many cultures have had their own indigenous wines, such as made from rice or palm, grape wine has become the far more dominant type because grapes are more easily adapted to a wide variety of regions and its close association with European colonization. Christianity helped to spread wine across Europe and other regions, due to its role in the religious sacraments. Today, there are probably more than 10,000 varieties of grapes that can be used for wine, demonstrating the long history of experimentation with grapes that began as early as the Neolithic.<ref>For more on wine varieties today, see: Robinson, Jancis, Julia Harding, and Jose Vouillamoz. 2012. <i>Wine Grapes:29-autunnoA Complete Guide to 1,Taccuino Sanitatis368 Vine Varieties, Casanatense 4182Including Their Origins and Flavours.</i> 1st U.jpeg|thumbnail|Figure 2S. 14th century ed. New York: Ecco.</ref> The social association of wine pressingwith so many different activities, ranging from religion to healing and social gatherings, has established as central to many different cultures.]]

<div class="portal" style=Summary"width:85%;">==Related DailyHistory.org Articles==More recently *[[How Did Ancient Societies Adapt to Dairy Consumption?]]*[[How Did Popcorn Become Popular?]]*[[How Did Honey Evolve in the 20th century, prohibition our Diet?]]*[[How Did Black Pepper Spread in the United States and other temperance movements threatened the culture of wine in different countries. However, as wine production has improved with new bottling technologies, and new types of grapes adapted to different climates developed, wine production has not ceased to expand. Although many cultures have had their own indigenous wines, such as made from rice or palm, grape wine has become the far more dominant type because grapes are more easily adapted to a wide variety of regions and its close association with European colonization. Christianity helped to spread wine across Europe and other regions, due to its role in the religious sacraments. Today, there are probably more than 10,000 varieties of grapes that can be used for wine, demonstrating the long history of experimentation with grapes that began as early as the Neolithic. The social association of wine with so many different activities, ranging from religion to healing and social gatherings, has established as central to many different cultures.Popularity?]]*[[How Did Chocolate Become Popular?]]</div>{{mediawiki:Food History}}