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Wild grapes <i>Vitis vinifera</i> are found Already in its early development, wine became associated with ritual consumption based on the eastern Mediterranean regions, stretching from Turkey, context of some archaeological finds. This includes being used for libations to gods and the dead; ritual drinking of wine represented commemoration of the southern Caucasus, gods and northern Iranthe dead. The earliest known wine production is found in northern IranVery likely, the site of Hajji Faruz, alcoholic properties also gave it a site that dates between 6000-5500 BCE. From evidencemystical aspect, suggesting why it seems this early wine used terebinth as a form of preservativewas associated with the gods. Health benefits were also likely realized, similar where the alcohol was known to Greek wine Retsina that is still drunk todaykill harmful substances. This would suggest that Retsina wine is By the oldest known 4th millennium BCE, wine typefrom some regions began to be seen as being of high quality and sought after. The prehistoric Egyptian king Scorpion saw wine itself as something to be taken to the next world, where his tomb was made evident by residue of tartaric acid, a substance commonly found in grape to contain about 700 jars filled with winefrom the Levant (Israel and Lebanon). In China, residue <ref>For more on early exports of rice-based wineand its use in ritual, perhaps even earlier than wine found in the Near Eastsee: Charters, has been foundStephen. 2006. However, other possibilities, rather than <i>Wine and Society: The Social and Cultural Context of a fermented drink, cannot be ruled outDrink. Tartaric acid was found in clay jars, suggesting fermentation. While rice wine may have developed early on, it stayed relatively confined to east Asia</i> Amsterdam ; Boston: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann.</ref>
Already ==Spread of Wine==Pips from wild grape varieties have been found in its early developmentGreece about 12,000 years ago. However, domesticated grapes and wine making arrived by 4000 BCE. By this time, platforms for crushing grapes have been found; at first, wine was probably a household activity, but by the Bronze and Iron Age it became associated with ritual consumption based on more industrial in scale. Wine from Byblos and other Phoenician cities in the context eastern coast of some archaeological findsthe Mediterranean began to spread widely by the 3rd millennium BCE, traded across the region. This includes being used for libations Wine made from domesticated grapes began to spread throughout the Mediterranean most likely due to Phoenician traders. Wine now became spread to gods North Africa and the deadSouthern Europe (e.g. Very likely, the alcoholic properties also gave it a mystical aspectsee Figure 1). By With the 4th millennium BCEspread of wine, other regions began to be associated with better quality wine from some regions . Armenia, in particular, began to be seen as being of associated with high quality wine, where gifts of wine from Armenia were well known and sought aftergiven in diplomatic acts between states. In the prehistoric Egyptian king ScorpionAchaemenid period, in the tomb found contained about 700 jars filled with 5th century BCE, gifts of wine from were shown to be given to the Persian king on reliefs.<ref>For more on how the Levant (Israel and Lebanon)Phoenicians helped spread wine, see: Hames, Gina. 2012. <i>Alcohol in World History.</i> Routledge: London, pg. 24.</ref>
==Spread of Wine==Pips from wild grape varieties To help spread wine, not only did seafaring have been found in Greece about 12to develop so that it could more easily reach distant regions,000 years agobut preservation techniques were needed. HoweverWine can easily turn to vinegar if not properly sealed. The Phoenicians used olive oil to seal containers so that it could be more easily transported across the Mediterranean as their ships were dispatched. Eventually, domesticated grapes were also brought and regions along southern Europe became good growing areas for grapes after sevearl generations of growing.<ref>For more on how early wine making arrived by 4000 BCEwas preserved, see: Jackson, Ron S. 2014. By this time<i>Wine Science: Principles, Practice, platforms for crushing grapes have been foundPerception.</i> Fourth edition. Wine from Byblos and other Phoenician cities in the eastern coast Amsterdam: Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, pg. 615.</ref> In the Mediterranean Roman period, wine began to spread widely to more northerly regions in Gaul (France), Germany, and even Britain. Greek colonists had already brought wine to parts of Europe by the 3rd millennium 600s BCE. However, traded across the region. Wine made from domesticated grapes began to spread throughout of wine by the Roman period helped establish the Mediterranean most likely due foundations to Phoenician traders. Wine now became spread a variety of wine types that were adapted to North Africa different climates and Southern Europealso create a taste for wine that lasted long after the Roman period. With Some climates, such as in Britain, were more difficult for growing grapes, but the spread importation of winebecame more common, specific regions began acculturating the population to be associated with better quality wineconsumption. Armenia, Greek wine became well known in particular, began to be associated with high this period for its quality wine, where gifts of while wine from Armenia were renownItaly was considered more common and average wine for the masses. Wine types known to us, such as chardonnay. may have derived by crossing grapes Gouais blanc with Pinot noir grapes found in France during this time. In <ref>For more on how wine spread in the Achaemenid Classical period, in the 5th century BCEsee: Estreicher, gifts of wine were shown to be given Stefan K. 2006. <i>Wine: From Neolithic Times to the Persian king21st Century.</i> New York: Algora Pub.</ref> <dh-ad/>
Admin moved page How Did Wine Develop? to How Did Wine Develop
[[File:Red-couple-night-romantic.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|Wine]]__NOTOC__
Wine, today, is not simply a beverage but it is linked with religion, cooking, feasting, and our forms of social gatherings. The history of wine also shows it has long been associated with human societies since the early development of agriculture and early domestication of grapes at about 8,000 years ago in the Near East. Since then, wine has become spread on all major continents human societies have spread to.
==Early Development==
Wild grapes <i>Vitis vinifera</i> are found in the eastern Mediterranean regions, stretching from Turkey, the southern Caucasus, and northern Iran. The earliest known grape wine production is found in northern Iran, the site of Hajji Faruz, a site that dates between 6000-5500 BCE (Figure 1). From evidence, it seems this early wine used terebinth as a form of preservative, similar to Greek wine Retsina that is still drunk today. This would suggest that Retsina wine is the oldest known wine type or method production. The wine itself was evident through residue of tartaric acid, a substance commonly found in grape wine. Both white and red wines were likely developed at about the same time, as the main difference is in fermenting with (red wine) or without (white wine) the grape skins.<ref>For more on the Neolithic innovation of wine production, see: McGovern, Patrick E. 2007. <i>Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture.</i> 4. print., 1. paperback print. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.</ref>
[[File:Archeological sites - wine and oil (English).jpg|thumbnail|left|Figure 1. Places where grape wine has been located from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age.]]
In China, residue of rice-based wine, perhaps even earlier than wine found in the Near East, has been found. However, other possibilities, rather than a fermented drink, cannot be ruled out. Wine may have been produced not only with rice but also mixing of fruits as well to add flavor. Tartaric acid was found in clay jars, suggesting fermentation and mixture of substances. While rice wine may have developed early on, it stayed mostly in east Asia. Rice wine spread by the 1st millennium BCE to India, Japan, Southeast Asia, and the Korean Peninsula, where it is still commonly drunk today. In Africa and tropical regions of Malaysia, India, and Southeast Asia, types of palm wine have been produced and are still consumed. It is not clear how old this tradition is but it does likely go back to ancient periods; European travels had observed how the wine was made and harvested in early contact periods. Palm wine can be made by collecting date palm sap and letting it ferment, where it can then be filtered to remove impurities.<ref>For more on rice and palm wine, see: Cyrus Redding, Redding. 2008. <i>History and Description of Modern Wines.</i> Place of publication not identified: Applewood Books.</ref>
==Later Developments==
[[File:29-autunno,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpeg|left|300px|thumbnail|Figure 2. 14th century wine pressing.]]
After the Roman collapse in Europe, very like the culture of wine would have died as well. However, the now spiritual connection of wine with religious sacraments, along with local populations having become accustomed to this Mediterranean product during the Roman period, kept its relevance even in regions where it did not grow well. Thus, as Christianity spread, so did wine. Northern Europe became more of a beer and ale drinking culture, due to the climate being more favorable to wheat and barley based alcoholic drinks. However, the need wine for in mass resulted in the constant need to import wine. This also created an important business opportunity for a variety of monastic orders, as the needs of the church created a constant and strong market. Thus, perhaps not surprisingly, the best and most prolific wine producers in the early Medieval period were different orders of monasteries, where many of these continue to make wine today. The Benedictines, in particular, became well known wine makers, often exporting their produce to raise funds in addition to being used for sacraments. Virtual monopolies were established throughout Europe by monastic orders on wine production and trade.<ref>For more on monastic wines, see: Simon, Joanna. 2001. <i>Wine: An Introduction.</i> 1st American ed. New York: DK Pub, pg. 18.</ref>
After centuries of growing grapes in different parts of Europe, varieties began to form that had become some of the best known wine types today. Riesling, for instance, was a white grape variety that grew well in the Rhine Valley, which has developed their since the 15th century. Burgundy, with its favorable climate and soil for many types of grapes, in France became well known for many wine types, including developing Pino Gris, Pinot noir, and chablis and others that had begun to develop already by the Roman period. Chenin blanc was another white grape variety developed in Anjou (Figure 2).<ref>For more on types of wines and their history, see: Singh, Dueep. 2013. <i>The Miracle of Wine History, Making, Selling, Preserving, Enjoying</i>. JD-BZ Publishing.</ref>
In the New World, Vitis (or grape family) vines did grow, but they do not seem to have been utilized from making wine by prehistoric cultures. Although various alcoholic drinks were known to native populations in the New World, it was the Spanish that brought grape wine types from Europe to the New World. The Portuguese also spread grape wine to Brazil. As shipping was still relatively poor in preserving wine quality, early Spanish explorers and settlers soon preferred to grow wine rather than import it from Europe. With wine production moving to the New World, many experiments began to make wine more adept in growing in more extreme climates found in the New World. British explorers to Australia and New Zealand also brought different grapes and since the late 18th century the wine culture in Australia and later New Zealand, although initially failing, began to be come very successful in the 19th century. Types of shiraz wine, in particular, grew well in those regions. In New Zealand, Syrah and Pinot noir grapes were also among the initial successful wines that grew in the climate.<ref>Fore more on the spread of wine to the New World and other regions, see: Unwin, P. T. H. 1996. <i>Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade.</i> London; New York: Routledge, pg. 204.</ref>
In the United States, the oldest continuous winery is found in New York state, which was founded by a French Huguenot settlers in 1810. Wine spread to cold regions of Canada, where specialized ice wine became developed that took advantage of short growing seasons; this type of wine developed into a very sweet wine. By 1811, settlers in Hawaii even began to grow wine in tropical conditions.<ref>For more on the history of wine growing in the United States, see: Pinney, Thomas. 2007. <i>A History of Wine in America: From the Beginnings to Prohibition.</i> Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press.</ref>
==Summary==
More recently in the 20th century, prohibition in the United States and other temperance movements threatened the culture of wine in different countries. However, as wine production has improved with new bottling technologies, and new types of grapes adapted to different climates developed, wine production has not ceased to expand. Although many cultures have had their own indigenous wines, such as made from rice or palm, grape wine has become the far more dominant type because grapes are more easily adapted to a wide variety of regions and its close association with European colonization. Christianity helped to spread wine across Europe and other regions, due to its role in the religious sacraments. Today, there are probably more than 10,000 varieties of grapes that can be used for wine, demonstrating the long history of experimentation with grapes that began as early as the Neolithic.<ref>For more on wine varieties today, see: Robinson, Jancis, Julia Harding, and Jose Vouillamoz. 2012. <i>Wine Grapes: A Complete Guide to 1,368 Vine Varieties, Including Their Origins and Flavours.</i> 1st U.S. ed. New York: Ecco.</ref> The social association of wine with so many different activities, ranging from religion to healing and social gatherings, has established as central to many different cultures.
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