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Slavery probably has its origins as warfare became more established at larger scales between societies, although very likely slavery existed at some levels even before the rise of states and cities. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt likely have some of the earliest evidence of larger-scale slavery as conflict developed when societies began to compete with each other more frequently. <ref>For more on the origins of slavery, see: Heuman, G. J. (Ed.). (2012). The Routledge history of slavery (1. publ. in paperback). London: Routledge.</ref>. Initially, most slaves may have been women captured from towns or villages during raids or attacks. Later, however, men became valuable as forms of labor in agriculture, while skilled workers were put to work in construction or helping with production of materials. Slavery varied based on the skills of the individuals trained or captured. Early depictions indicate that those captured in battles were sometimes shackled. Slaves were generally owned by the state, but by the 2nd millennium BCE private individuals also owned slaves according to written sources, although private ownership likely began even earlier. <ref>For more on the rise of private ownership and slavery, see: Chirichigno, G. (1993). <i>Debt-slavery in Israel and the ancient Near East. </i> Sheffield: JSOT Press.</ref> Slavery, in effect, was in part based on keeping people as prisoners of war. Such slaves might be released if peace was agreed upon between warring sides. In the Indus, possible slave quarters have even been found between the 3rd and 2nd millennium BCE.<ref>For more on the slave quarters in the Indus, see: Catchpole, B. (Ed.). (1981). The clash of cultures: aspects of culture conflict from roman times to the present day (1. publ). London: Heinemann</ref>

Slavery was practiced in ancient Greece, where most slaves appear to have been war captives. Debt bondage, similar to the Near East and elsewhere could lead to a form of slavery, but this could be a temporary status and one could buy or earn their freedom, which was also true in the ancient Near East. Sparta may have had one of the largest slave systems. While it is hard to say what was legend and what was truth, the so-called Helots were a class of slaves that may have derived from a conquered city (Helos). Subsequent slaves were then called Helots. Sparta's slaves seem to all belong to the state and were essentially a class, where the Helots formed their own families and kin groups. In Athens, slavery was often at a private level and slaves were owned by individual households. Slave revolts began to become a problem as slaves began to outnumber their masters. In effect, by allowing slaves to have their families and also perpetuating the bondage of slavery for individuals inevitably led to populations of slaves increasing and revolting against their bondage. In ancient Rome, slaves were often privately owned. Famous slave revolts include those by gladiators such as Spartacus (Figure 1).<ref>For more on slavery in Greece, see: Wiedemann, T. (1994). Greek and Roman slavery (Reprinted). London: Routledge.</ref>

[[File:Roman collared In Athens, slavery was often at a private level and slaves were owned by individual households. Slave revolts began to become a problem as slaves began to outnumber their masters. In effect, by allowing slaves to have their families and also perpetuating the bondage of slavery for individuals inevitably led to populations of slaves increasing and revolting against their bondage. In ancient Rome, slaves - Ashmolean Museumwere often privately owned.jpeg|thumbnail|Famous slave revolts include those by gladiators such as Spartacus (Figure 1).<ref>For more on slavery in Greece, see: Wiedemann, T. (1994). Relief from the <i>Greek and Roman period showing a shackled slaveslavery</i> (Reprinted). London: Routledge.]]</ref>

Slavery However, racial-based slavery emerged as a form new strand of war booty or bondage for being in debt largely continued in many societies even after ancient periods and into slavery by the early Medieval period. Slavery did vary across societiesInitially, where sometimes Arab slave traders began to raid and establish slave colonies in Africa. The slaves were treated as part , or called <i>zanj</i>, began to originate from Sub-Saharan Africa, which took advantage of the familyother slave trade existing within Africa. Slaves also had high positions of power and even sometimes became the ruling classColonies soon developed, such as Zanzibar, that began as important ports for slave traders connecting the Mamluks in EgyptArab Middle East and Africa. The Mamluks, meaning propertyAs many of these slaves were black, slavery over time began to be associated with racial aspects.  No longer were brought in as slaves racially indistinguishable from others in Egypt society based on their skin color. Slavery and being black began to serve in be associated together during the army. Over time, they became influential and took the reigns of power directlyMedieval period.<ref>For more on the history of the Mamluksearly Arab slave trade, see: Winter Curtis, MV. S., & LevanoniStewart, AS. , London Middle East Institute, & British Museum (Eds.). (20042009). <i>The Mamluks Rise of Islam</i>. London ; New York : New York: I. B. Tauris in Egyptian association with The London Middle East Institute at SOAS and Syrian politics and societyThe British Museum : Distributed in the U.S. Leiden ; Bostonby Palgrave Macmillan, MA: Brillpg. 61.</ref> Slavery, nevertheless, did continue to be applied to people from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. White Europeans, for instance, were sometimes enslaved by Arab traders and others, such as Viking raiders.

However, racial-based slavery emerged as a new strand of slavery by the early Medieval period. Initially, Arab slave traders began to raid and establish slave colonies in Africa. The slaves, or called <i>zanj</i>, began to originate from Subdh-Saharan Africa, which took advantage of other slave trade existing within Africa. Colonies soon developed, such as Zanzibar, that began as important ports for slave traders connecting the Arab Middle East and Africa. As many of these slaves were black, slavery over time began to be associated with racial aspects. No longer were slaves racially indistinguishable from others in society based on their skin color. Slavery and being black began to be associated together during the Medieval period.<ref>For more on the history of the early Arab slave trade, see: Curtis, V. S., Stewart, S., London Middle East Institute, & British Museum (Eds.). (2009). The rise of Islam. London ; New York : New York: I. B. Tauris in association with The London Middle East Institute at SOAS and The British Museum : Distributed in the U.S. by Palgrave Macmillan, pg. 61.<ad/ref> Slavery, nevertheless, did continue to be applied to people from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. White Europeans, for instance, were sometimes enslaved by Arab traders and others, such as Viking raiders.

Nevertheless, the beginning of associating slavery with race in Europe began near the time of the discovery of the New World. The key change was the collapse of the Silk Road as a leading trade route in the Old World and the rise of transatlantic trade. The origin of Western race-based slavery began slightly earlier in the 15th century, with the Portuguese engaging more with Africa. From the beginning, slaves were often captured by other Africans in their inter-tribal wars. However, the New World presented itself as a vast area that needed a lot of labor and this substantially pushed the slave trade to new levels. For much of the African slave trade's history, European slave traders simply traded with Africans for slaves, where the slaves were then shipped to the New World as it became a major economic and political focus. The trade of slaves to the New World became associated with high intensity agricultural labor, such as the production of coffee and sugar cane, which were two emerging products in Europe in the 15-16th centuries (Figure 2).

It was the impetus For much of the African slave trade that motivated 's history, European explorers slave traders simply traded with Africans for slaves, where the slaves were then shipped to expand their exploration of Africa and the New World even moreas it became a major economic and political focus. In the 16th century, the profitability The trade of agriculture in slaves to the New World and slaves became so great that it led to Portugal to directly take control associated with high intensity agricultural labor, such as the production of parts of Africacoffee and sugar cane, specifically which were two emerging products in Angola. This began the period of colonization by Europe in Africa that only ended in the 20th century. However, the trade was not completely one15-way, as African states and tribes began to also exact tribute from European traders for access to the slave trade and to pay shipping fees as they moved slaves from the African coast.<ref>For more on the history of the African slave trade, see: Worger, W. H., Clark, N. L., & Alpers, E. A. 16th centuries (2010Figure 2). Africa and the West: a documentary history (2nd ed). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> However, over time the trade became more skewed in favor of Europeans.

By It was the impetus of the slave trade that motivated European explorers to expand their exploration of Africa and the New World even more. In the 16th and 17th centuriescentury, the Caribbean had emerged as a major destination for British, French, profitability of agriculture in the New World and Dutch interests. Slaves began slaves became so great that it led to be moved Portugal to these areas directly take control of parts of Africa, specifically in greater numbersAngola. As British naval power expanded in This began the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they soon became the largest exporters period of slaves as well as colonization by Europe in Africa that only ended in the Dutch20th century. Europeans still mostly avoided going into interior regions of AfricaHowever, mostly depending on Africans to capture or bring them slaves. The difference between the European and African systems of slavery trade was the European system began to associated slavery as a racialnot completely one-based enterpriseway, given that slaves were all black, while as African slavery was based on warfare states and was not even seen as inheritable tribes began to also exact tribute from European traders for access to the children of slave trade and to pay shipping fees as they moved slavesfrom the African coast.<ref>For more on the African system of slavery and rise history of the Caribbean African slave trade, see: KleinWorger, W. H. S, Clark, N. L., & VinsonAlpers, BE. A. (20072010). African slavery in Latin America <i>Africa and the Caribbean West: A Documentary History</i> (2nd ed). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>However, over time the trade became more skewed in favor of Europeans.

[[File:Navio negreiro - Rugendas 1830By the 16th and 17th centuries, the Caribbean had emerged as a major destination for British, French, and Dutch interests. Slaves began to be moved to these areas in greater numbers. As British naval power expanded in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they soon became the largest exporters of slaves as well as the Dutch.jpeg|thumbnail|Figure 2Europeans still mostly avoided going into interior regions of Africa, mostly depending on Africans to capture or bring them slaves. Black The difference between the European and African systems of slavery was the European system began to associated slavery as a racial-based enterprise, given that slaves being sent were all black, while African slavery was based on warfare and was not even seen as inheritable to Brazilthe children of slaves.<ref>For more on the African system of slavery and rise of the Caribbean slave trade, see: Klein, H. S., & Vinson, B. (2007). <i>African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean</i> (2nd ed). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.]]</ref>

By the 19th century, and after the American Civil War, most European and Western states had banned slavery. However, it continued to persist in many parts of the world. Slavery continued to be legal in the Persian Gulf emirates into the 1960s. However, in the 20th century, slavery once again transformed. This time, it reverted back into something that was more market driven but not based as much on race, although certain ethnic groups have been subject to slavery due to the countries of origin. High wage differences between first and third world countries has led to forms of servitude that promises financial rewards but often leads to abuse and bondage. In some states in the West, Middle East, and East Asia, human trafficking has become a problem where prostitution, legalized and illegal forms, and manufacturing have led to Eastern Europeans, Central and South Americans, South Asians, and East Asians in particular being put into positions of virtual slavery. Although slavery is now universally illegally, human trafficking can be found in nearly every country.<ref>For more on modern slavery, see: Davidson, J. (2015). <i>Modern slaverySlavery: the margins The Margins of freedomFreedom</i>. London New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref>