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__NOTOC__[[File:800px-Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1797).jpg|thumb|left|250px|Figure 1. Mary Wollstonecraft arguably was one of the first modern writers advocating for feminist causes.]]While there is no clear consensus as to when 'first wave' feminism occurred, most accept that in the 19th century, as industrialization progressed, and new mass movement began, first wave 1st Wave feminism emerged. The term itself was only coined in 1968 by Martha Lear, who also coined the term second wave[[What was the Second Wave Feminist Movement?|Second Wave Feminism]]. There is also a [[What was the Third Wave Feminist Movement?|Third Wave Feminist Movement]] that began in the 1990s. First wave Wave feminism focused on what we now consider basic issues of inequality in light of more recent developments.

==What were the Origins of the First Wave FeminismFeminist Movement? ==Although feminism can be argued to have its roots in many ancient periods, modern feminism begins around the late 17th and 18th centuries, during the Enlightenment in Europe. One of the early feminists was Mary Wollstonecraft, who mostly wrote in the late 18th century (Figure 1). She was heavily influenced by Rousseau and French political thinkers who began to advocate that societies, and individuals specifically, should have rights that the state provides. Individual rights, separate from teaching from the church, began to become a key focus for philosophers during this period. Individual liberty, as argued, was to be upheld by the state. Similarly, English philosophers, such as John Locke living earlier, had taken up similar ideas.

Mary Wollstonecraft, living in the late 18th century, was heavily influenced by Rousseau and French political thinkers who began to advocate that societies, and individuals specifically, should have rights that the state provides. Individual liberty, as argued, was to be upheld by the state. Similarly, English philosophers, such as John Locke living earlier, had taken up similar ideas. However, philosophers and writers often ignored women and Wollstonecraft was among the first to call for gender equality. She believed reason and education should be the foundation of social orderthat included equality for women. Her books (<i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/019955546X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=019955546X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=f7ede341ed268d1f21573c5f2e2ef23d A Vindication of the Rights of Women]</i>, published in 1792, and <i>Maria, or the Wrongs of Women</i>,published in 1798, were often controversial in their day but also demonstrated her ideas. She saw the lack of focus in educating women as making them appear less informed as men in society. Although we see her views as largely expected and normal today, for over a century her writings and influence were minimized or even avoided by later feminists due to the morals of the day. She had at least two highly publicized affairs that produced at least one child out of wedlockand was explicit about her sexuality. The focus on her behavior, rather than ideas, unfortunately , diminished her influence in the early 19th century as feminists ideas increasingly emerged.<ref>For more on Wollstonecraft, see: Taylor, B. (2003). <i>Mary Wollstonecraft and the feminist imagination</i>. Cambridge, U.K. ; New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref>

The 19th century also emerged as a period of emancipation, not only in the US, which == When was relatively late in freeing their slaves, but also in the UK, other European countries and in Birth of the AmericasSocial Reform Movement? ==[[File:Suffragettes-1921.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Figure 2. This led to the emergence of women, who had campaigned The suffrage movement and suffragettes helped create momentum for the freeing of slaves, right to develop their own political thoughts and ideas about what emancipation really meantvote for women. ]]In the United States, mid-early 19th century women emerged advocating emancipation for slaves , temperance, and soon greater freedom for women comparable compared to men. The Seneca convention, in 1844, was These campaigns were a direct outgrowth of the first organized convention to discuss social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women. This [[What was led by Quakers, who were also leading abolitionist. Prominent women that began to emerge included Sojourner Truth, Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Matilda Joslyn Gage, and, among the most well know, Susan Brownell AnthonySecond Wave Feminist Movement? | Second Great Awakening]]. Interestingly, many early congresses calling for The Second Great Awakening in the emancipation of slaves often shunned women or gave them secondary roles. One key obstacle United States (1790-1830) was many had interpreted their faith a religious revival that not only brought in new converts to stand against slaveryChristianity, but at it inspired female reformers in the same time they saw had God created the sexes differently. This contradiction, therefore, became an obstacle for early feministsUnited States.

Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony, after the Civil War The leaders of this Christian movement argued that people had control over their lives and salvation in 1868, began opposition to focus on creating a platform for women to rally around. They created views of the a newspaper called <i>The Revolution</i>existing Calvinist churches. This helped to rally support to what they saw was one As part of the first great obstacles to greater freedomthis movement, which was the right women were encouraged to vote. In effect, this helped to launch the suffrage movement build new churches and push for moral reforms in the United States. Other countries also Fairly quickly women became moral advocates, at about while most women joined the same time or even earlier in some cases, began Temperance Movement others were attracted to have women organizations calling for greater female the abolition of slavery and expanding rights and literature advocating voting for women. This included Scottish Marion Reid, who began to see greater interest in the ideals of a virtuous woman creating a repressive standard for women.

While some womenThe Seneca Convention, such as Barbara Leigh Smithin 1844, focused on employ and education for women, others saw other goals as necessary. In particular, the late 19th century was increasingly focused on obtaining voting rights for women. To counteract the power of first organized convention to discuss the church's interpretation of sex-based hierarchysocial, Stanton produced an influential work called <i>The Woman's Bible</i>civil, written in 1895and religious condition and rights of women. Although it This was much maligned led by Biblical scholarsQuakers, Stanton tried who were also leading abolitionists. Prominent women that began to argue for equality using the Bibleemerge from this convention and its later offshoots included [https://www.amazon. The National Woman Suffrage Associationcom/gp/product/0393317080/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0393317080&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a19ced3df0656bae40f785aceaf1aa85 Sojourner Truth], already established by 1869Elizabeth Stanton, became a prominent organizations advocating for woman suffrageLucretia Mott, which took more radical approachesMatilda Joslyn Gage, such as rejecting the 15th Amendment unless it included woman suffrage. The other major movement was American Woman Suffrage Associationand, which advocated for state by stat campaigning to achieve suffrage. There was a wide split among feminists regarding the approach. Howevermost well know, in the late 19th century it became clear that having rival groups weakened the suffrage movementSusan Brownell Anthony. In 1890Interestingly, many early congresses calling for the two groups merged and formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)emancipation of slaves often shunned women or gave them secondary roles.

In 1869, John Allen Campbell, the first Governor of the Wyoming, granted women the right to vote, making Wyoming the first territory or state women One key obstacle was many had specific laws that expressed interpreted their rights faith to vote. The National Woman's Party emerged in 1916 as another suffrage organizationstand against slavery, which broke from but at the NAWSAsame time, which had focused only on states rather than any federal laws. They held high profile protests in front of they saw or interpreted that God created the White House during World War Isexes differently. Although their protests were often ignoredIn effect, arguably effort by women during the war, mostly in replacing men in factories, helped many to see that women did have equal skills were not equals to menconcerning rights. This helped to persuadecontradiction, along with the feminist organisationstherefore, many in congress that women should have became an obstacle for early feminists working within the right to voteabolitionist movements. Congress passed the <ref>For early 19th Amendment in 1919 century feminists and enough states ratified the amendment by 1920Seneca Convention, see: Roediger, making right for women to vote legal in the United States in 1920D. R. While the process itself was contentious, often with hunger strikes and even mob violenceBlatt, sometime by both sides in the argumentM. H., there continued to be problems in the 1920s& Lowell Conference on Industrial History (Eds.). Some regions tried to argue the 19th Amendment was unconstitutional and tried to bar women from holding office or voting(1999). Nevertheless, with the gradual acceptance <i>The Meaning of women as voters, what can be considered slavery in the First Wave of feminism had culminated in achieving a major success for womenNorth</i>. New York: Garland Pub.</ref>

==First Wave Around Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony, after the World==Civil War and in 1868, began to focus on creating a platform for women to rally around. They created a newspaper called <i>The Revolution</i>. This publication helped to rally support for what they saw was one of the first great obstacles to greater freedom, which was the right to vote. In effect, this helped to launch the suffrage movement in the United States. Other countries also, at about the same time or even earlier in some cases, began to have women organizations calling for greater female rights and literature advocating voting for women. This movement included Scottish activist Marion Reid, who collaborated with American feminists and began to see that greater interest in the ideals of a virtuous woman in Victorian Britain creating a repressive standard for women.<ref>For more on Stanton and Anthony, see: Stanton, E. C., Gordon, A. D., & Anthony, S. B. (1997). <i>The selected papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony</i>. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press.</ref>

While there has been much some women, such as Barbara Leigh Smith, focused on employment and education for women as critical areas to focus on , others saw other goals as more of a key focus. Increasingly, more feminists in began to see that obtaining voting rights was perhaps among the United States, feminists movements had also developed in various periods, most notably after important steps before other rights could be secured. Throughout the 18th 19th century, Biblical interpretation of women's role in many countriesthe house and family prevented their ability to advance feminist ideals. Southern Australia was among To counteract the power of the first places women could votechurch's or some religious interpretation of sex-based hierarchy, Stanton produced an influential work called <i>The Woman's Bible</i>, where written in 1895 the right to vote . Although it was achieved much maligned by women thereBiblical scholars, Stanton tried to argue for equality using the Bible. Catherine Spence was a prominent figure who had campaigned This helped to provide some religious justification, at least for some, for emerging feminism in the voteperiod.

In DenmarkFurthermore, the National Woman Suffrage Association, they had already achieved not only voting rights but equal rights laws that protected established by 1869, became a prominent organization advocating for woman suffrage, which took more radical approaches, such as rejecting the 15th Amendment unless it included woman's access suffrage. The other significant movement was American Woman Suffrage Association, which advocated for state by stat campaigning to educationachieve suffrage. There was a full split among feminists regarding the approach. However, work and marital rights during in the late 19th century it became clear that having rival groups weakened the 1920ssuffrage movement. In effect1890, they had begun to move to topics that only were the two groups merged and formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).<ref>For more fully addressed by second wave feminists on emerging suffrage movements in other countries by the 1960slate 19th century, see: Tetrault, L. (2014). <i>The myth of Seneca Falls: memory and the women’s suffrage movement, 1848-1898</i>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. </ref>

In Iran, at the time of the Seneca Falls convention, in 1848, a religious movement, called Babism, represented a view that God wanted women to be equal to men and had been among the earliest religious movements in the Islamic regions of the Middle East to advocate the removal of veils and greater freedom for women. The movement helped eventually start Bahaism, a religious idea that sought unity among many religions and also advocated greater roles and equality for women. Although these movements have largely been suppressed, it helped to launch or influence feminist ideas in non<dh-Western regions. In Russia and China, the rise of socialist and eventually Communism helped to create greater feminist equality. Although Women did gain the right to vote and be considered equal to men in Soviet society, voting was restricted to the Communist party. Women, however, gained rights in other areas that Western women did not have access to for decades. This included generous maternity leave, free childcare, abortion rights, and generally had greater access to higher education. However, by the later half of the 20th century, women did not make as much gains in holding political power or even high-level job roles.ad/>

In 1869, John Allen Campbell, the UKfirst Governor of Wyoming, granted women gained the right to vote in 1918, although making Wyoming the first territory or state women had specific laws that expressed their rights were not equal until 1928to vote. The suffragettes were often notorious for their militancy National Woman's Party emerged in trying to achieve their goals1916 as another suffrage organization, which broke from the NAWSA, which had focused only on states rather than any federal laws. HoweverThey held high profile protests in front of the White House during World War I, society had also increasingly as they saw that it was natural targeting the federal government as the most expedient way to have women be given gain the right to vote. The UK also had other restrictive lawsAlthough their protests were often ignored, such as prohibition from wealthy arguably effort by women from controlling their propertyduring the war, mostly in replacing men in factories, helped many to see that were not fully removed until the late 1890swomen did have equal skills to men. In This helped to persuade, along with the 1850sfeminist organizations, divorce became an issue many in Congress that was moved to women should have the civil courts rather than requiring the Church right to be responsible forvote.

== Why was First wave feminism Wave Movement a World Movement? ==While there has been much focus on feminists in the United States, feminists movements had also developed in various periods, most notably after the 18th century, in many countries. Southern Australia was instrumental in giving among the first places women basic rights such as to could vote and even administer their own property. While this achieved key goals, it was evident wherein in countries such as the UK and 1895 the US that equality in voting did not translate right to equality in vote was achieved by women there. Catherine Spence was a prominent figure who had campaigned for the workplace or aspects of social acceptance such as marriagevote. Communist states emerged as early countries that embraced <ref>For more equality, but in on Australia's struggle for the West this took time as social norms began right to change in the context of major wars and increasingly greater roles vote for women played in society, both see: Oldfield, A. (1992). <i>Woman suffrage in Australia: a gift or a civil and political sense. This began to be evident by what eventually emerged as second wave feminists that became prominent by the 1960sstruggle</i>? Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref>

==Summary==First In Denmark, they had already achieved not only voting rights but equal rights laws that protected a woman's access to education, work, and marital rights during the 1920s. In effect, they had begun to move to topics that only were more fully addressed by second-wave feminism was critical feminists in other countries by the late 19th and early 20th centuries 1960s. In Iran, at the time of the Seneca Falls convention, in giving 1848, a religious movement, called Babism, represented a view that God wanted women the right to vote be equal to men and basic rights such as had been among the earliest religious movements in property. While the roots Islamic regions of this feminism is not clear, new movements from the Enlightenment Middle East to advocate the removal of veils and industrialization began to focus on female issuesgreater freedom for women. The 19th century was movement helped eventually start Bahaism, a time where people questioned basic rights religious idea that sought unity among many religions and who had access to them. It emerged that both sexes, as well as different races, should have basic given rights such as emancipation, rights to vote, also advocated greater roles and rights to own property, even though the battles equality for equality continued into the 20th centurywomen.

Although these movements have largely been suppressed, it helped to launch or influence feminist ideas in non-Western regions. In Russia and China, the rise of socialist and eventually Communism helped to create greater feminist equality. Although women did gain the right to vote and were considered equal to men in Soviet society, at least by party ideals, voting was restricted to the Communist party. Women, however, gained rights in other areas that Western women could only dream about for many decades. This included generous maternity leave, free childcare, abortion rights, and generally had greater access to higher education. Some of these have yet to be achieved in the West. However, by the later half of the 20th century, women did not make as many gains in holding political power or even high-level job roles in the Soviet Union.<ref>For more on these feminist movements, see: Boles, J. K., & Hoeveler, D. L. (2004). <i>Historical dictionary of feminism</i> (2nd ed). Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press.</ref> In the UK, women gained the right to vote in 1918, although their rights were not fully equal to men until 1928. The suffragettes were often notorious for their militancy in trying to achieve their goals. Perhaps the most prominent agitator was Sylvia Pankhurst, a famous socialist who helped campaign for women equality and many other causes she considered part of social injustice. By the 1910s, society in the UK had also increasingly saw that it was natural to have women be given the right to vote. The UK also had other restrictive laws, such as prohibition from wealthy women from controlling their property, that was not fully removed until the late 1890s. In the 1850s, divorce became an issue that was moved to the civil courts rather than requiring the Church to be responsible for.<ref>For more on the suffragettes and suffrage movement in the UK, see: Pankhurst, E. S. (2015). <i>SUFFRAGETTE: the history of the women’s militant suffrage movement</i>. Dover Children's.</ref> == What was the Significance of the First Wave Feminist Movement? ==First wave feminism was instrumental in giving women basic rights such as to vote and even administer their property. World War II and the recovery period that saw men retaking many of their old jobs, in some ways, slowed down the feminist movement. However, by the 1960s the political climate in the West began to change and accept more liberal ideals. While first wave feminists achieved their key goals, it was evident in countries such as the UK and the US that equality in voting did not translate to equality in the workplace or aspects of social acceptance such as marriage.  Communist states emerged as early countries that embraced more equality, but in the West, this took time as social norms began to change in the context of major wars and increasingly greater roles women played in society, both in a civil and political sense. Nevertheless, the key foundation for second wave feminism required the rights earned by first wave feminists, mainly in giving women political power through the vote. == Summary ==First wave feminism was critical in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in giving women the right to vote and basic rights such as property. While the roots of this feminism are not clear, new movements from the Enlightenment and industrialization began to focus on female rights and individuality. The 19th century was a time where people questioned basic rights and who had access to them. It emerged that both sexes, as well as different races, should have basic given rights such as emancipation, rights to vote, and rights to own property, even though the battles for equality continued into the 20th century. Achieving the right to vote was generally seen as the major achievement for first-wave feminists. ====References====<references/> Updated December 9, 2020 [[Category:Wikis]][[Category:United States History]] [[Category:Women's History]][[Category:Feminist History]] [[Category:Civil Rights History]] [[Category:19th Century History]] [[Category: European History]]