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==Introduction==__NOTOC__[[File: Hw-pompey.jpg |200px|thumbnail|left|A bust of Pompey]]Pompey the Great, (106 BCE-48 BCE), was one of the most important figures in the Roman Republic. He was one of its greatest generals and most important statesmen. Pompey, received the epitaph the Great, for a remarkable series of victories that expanded the Roman Empire in the east, he also ended piracy in the Mediterranean, stabilized Spain and developed a food supply system for the ever-increasing metropolis of Rome. Pompey was a prodigy and achieved much by an early age. However, his career ended in failure and death. Pompey, he tried to preserve the old order, but his defeat by Caesar meant with his death the fall of the Roman Republic was inevitable. [[File: Hw-pompey.jpg |200px|thumb|left|A bust of Pompey]]==Background==Pompey’s family belonged to the senatorial class and they were particularly powerful in a region to the east of Rome, Picenum. The family had many clients in Picenum and they could raise a private army from their supporters. This area was the power base of Pompey and allowed him to play a key role in the Republic. Pompey’s father, was an ally of Marius in his war with Sulla and during the conflict he was able to extend his lands and number of clients. However, Pompey’s father suddenly died and Pompey inherited all his lands and a private army. He changed sides in the civil war and attached himself to Sulla and the aristocratic cause<ref> Holland, Tom. Rubicon (Vintage, London, 2003), p. 112</ref>. He later joined Sulla with three legions that he had recruited in Picenum and he helped Sulla to recover Rome. Pompey gained a reputation for brutality as this time. Sulla later ordered him to regain control of Sicily and the Province of Africa from forces loyal to Marius <ref> Goldsworthy, A., In the name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire (Weidenfield and Nicolson, New edition, 2004), p. 145</ref>. After Sulla’s retirement, Pompey became one of the most powerful men in the Republic. He used his army to obtain a command from the Senate in Spain. In Spain, he defeated the Marian supporter Sertorius. Pompey returned to Rome and he was increasingly worried by the failure of the senatorial class to provide competent government. When he became consul he repealed several measures of Sulla and limited the power of the senatorial class<ref> Goldsworthy, p. 117</ref>. At the time the situation in the east was deteriorating. Pirates had practically brought shipping to a halt and this threatened Rome’s food supply. King Mithridates IV of Pontus , in Anatolia (modern Turkey) although defeated by the Roman general Lucullus was still threatening Rome and her allies. In 67 BCE, the Senate voted that Pompey be given an extraordinary command in the east. He first acted against the pirates and attacked their main bases in Cilicia (in modern south-eastern Turkey). Pompey ended the threat from the pirates. He then turned his attention to Mithridatesnand defeated him and forced him to escape to the Crimea. Pompey annexed the territory of Mithridrates and created a new Roman province out of his kingdom. Later he conquered the Seleucid Kingdom of Syria and turned the Judean Kingdom into a client state. Pompey returned to Rome, for a Triumph and was acclaimed as Pompey the Great<ref> Plutarch. Life of Pompey, 56</ref>. He tried to secure land for his veterans but he was blocked by many senators, who disliked him intently. To secure his aims, he entered an agreement with Julius Caesar and Crassus. This arrangement the First Triumvirate brought some stability to Rome. Between them the trio managed to secure their own appointment to key positions within the Roman Republic. They had their own supporters appointed as governors and the three men effectively ruled the Empire. Pompey was able to secure command of legions in Spain and was able to reorganize the region. Later he could develop a new system to supply Rome with food and this saved the city from famine. Caesar was able to secure an army for the conquest of Gaul. The First Triumvirate ran into trouble with the defeat and death of Crassus in Parthia<ref> Life of Crassus, p. 119</ref>. The Triumvirate ended when Caesar refused to disband his armies after his conquest of Gaul and he marched on Rome. Pompey led the senatorial opposition to Caesar, despite his earlier poor relations with this group. He was forced to flee Italy. In 46 BCE. he was defeated by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus in the Balkans. In 48 BCE, he was assassinated in Egypt by a renegade Roman soldier<ref>Goldsworthy, p 213</ref>. ==Pompey and Spain==Pompey with another commander helped to end the rule of Sertorius. He was a supporter of Marius and he has been able to win the support of the native Celtiberian tribes. Sertorius proved to be an excellent commander and he was able to carve out an independent state for himself in Spain. Pompey played a critical role in the defeat of Sertorius and his successor and reintegrating Spain into the Empire. Pompey was a gifted administrator and he reorganized the Provinces in Spain. For the first time the Romans were able to effectively govern Spain. In the words of Plutarch, ‘’he remained in Spain long enough to quell the greatest disorders and compose and settle such affairs as were in the most inflammatory state’’ <ref> Plutarch, Life of Pompey, 45</ref> Pompey also established a patronage network in the region and this greatly extended Roman influence among the many disparate Spanish tribes. During the course of the war with Sertorius, Pompey had pacified tribes that had long defied Roman rule<ref> Plutarch, Life of Sertorius, 16</ref>. ==Pompey and the Settlement of the East==Pompey conquered large areas of the Near East. Among the territories that he conquered were part of Turkey, all of Syria, Lebanon and Israel. He established a system for administrating these newly conquered territories. He established new provinces such as Syria. He appointed governors and established a Roman administration in these new provinces<ref> Goldsworthy, p. 217</ref>. Pompey was quick to see that the Jews in Judea would not accept direct Roman rule. He therefore created a ‘temple-state’ centered on Jerusalem. A priestly-elite controlled Judea and they served the interests of Rome. Pompey did not absorb all the territories that he conquered, especially most those kingdoms that had been part of the Empire of Mithridates or his allies. Pompey believed that these territories could be effectively directly ruled by Rome. After the death of Mithridates in 63, he established a series of client kingdoms. He made his protégé Tigranes king in Armenia, who paid Pompey very well for the honor. The Roman General also turned the Bosphoran Kingdom in the Crimea into a client state, it would stay a client of Rome until the mid-4th century. Pompey also established a series of protectorates in the Caucuses, such as Colchis (modern Georgia) on the Black Sea. These client kingdoms and protectorates created a defensive frontier system that was to last for more than half a millennium. Pompey was the architect of the Roman East and this is regarded as his greatest achievement. However, he is widely blamed for a great diplomatic mistake. During his conquest of the Roman East he met with envoys of the Parthian Empire. This was a large empire based, in modern Iran and Iraq, that had a formidable army. The Parthian King offered Rome a peace treaty but Pompey rejected this with great arrogance. Many at the time believed that this led to many conflicts between Rome and the Parthian Empire, in subsequent decades and centuries <ref> Goldsworthy, p. 156</ref>. [[File: Mithridates VI Louvre.jpg |200px|thumb|left|Mithridates IV of Pontus]]==Pompey and the Roman Food Supply==Pompey was very important in the development of the Annona or the supply of free or subsidized grain for Roman citizens. The city’s hinterland was unable to grow enough food for the city and it is estimated that up to 90% of the city’s food had to be imported. Pompey played a crucial role in the development of the Annona. He was entrusted during his war with the Pirates to safeguard the seal lanes. He cleared the Eastern Mediterranean of pirates. He then turned his attention to the food supply of Rome. Pompey established a system whereby grain from Sicily, Egypt and North Africa was exported to Rome by sea. This grain was then distributed to the populace of Rome<ref> Garnsey, Peter. Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Response to Rise and Crisis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998)p. 231</ref>. Pompey used this grain to secure support in the city and to establish social stability in the city. This food distribution system that was first developed by Pompey the Great was briefly abandoned but was resurrected during the reign of Augustus. It was to remain in place for several centuries and played a key role in Rome’s economy, society and even politics<ref> Garnsey, p 117</ref>.

==Pompey was a prodigy and achieved much by an early age. However, his career ended in failure and death. Pompey, he tried to preserve the Civil Warold order, but his defeat by Caesar and his death made the fall of the Roman Republic inevitable.  ===Background===Pompey had many achievements but perhaps his most significant contribution Pompey’s family belonged to the senatorial class and they were particularly powerful in a region to the history east of Rome , Picenum. The family had many clients in Picenum and they could raise a private army from their supporters. This area was his Pompey's power base and allowed him to play a key role in the Civil War with CaesarRepublic. PompeyPompey’s father, despite was an ally of Marius in his previous clashes war with Sulla and during the senatorial class conflict he was appointed leader able to extend his lands and number of the Republican armiesclients. The Republican forces sought to destroy Caesar However, Pompey’s father suddenly died and Pompey inherited all his lands and to restore a traditional form of government private army. He changed sides in Rome. The Republicans were very divided the civil war and attached himself to Sulla and the only thing aristocratic cause.<ref> Holland, Tom. Rubicon (Vintage, London, 2003), p. 112</ref> He later joined Sulla with three legions that they he had recruited in common was that all hated Caesar who they saw as a would-be tyrant Picenum and rebelhe helped Sulla to recover Rome. Pompey was the military commander gained a reputation for brutality this time.  Sulla later ordered him to regain control of Sicily and the Republican army, he was given command because Province of his previous successes Africa from forces loyal to Marius.<ref>GreenhalghGoldsworthy, PA., Pompey In the Name of Rome: The Republican Prince Men Who Won the Roman Empire (Littlehampton Book Services Ltd; 1981Weidenfield and Nicolson, New edition, 2004), p. 118145</ref>After Sulla’s retirement, Pompey became one of the most powerful men in the Republic. HoweverHe used his army to obtain a command from the Senate in Spain. In Spain, he defeated the Marian supporter Sertorius. Pompey returned to Rome and he was no longer increasingly worried by the failure of the senatorial class to provide competent government. When he became consul he repealed several measures of Sulla and limited the power of the senatorial class.<ref> Goldsworthy, p. 117</ref>  At the time, the east's situation was deteriorating. Pirates had practically brought shipping to a young man halt and this threatened Rome’s food supply. King Mithridates IV of Pontus , in Anatolia (modern Turkey) although defeated by the Roman general Lucullus was still threatening Rome and had not seen active service her allies. In 67 BCE, the Senate voted that Pompey be given an extraordinary command in many yearsthe east. He strategy first acted against the pirates and attacked their main bases in Cilicia (in modern south-eastern Turkey).  Pompey ended the war with threat from the Caesar has been widely criticizedpirates. The Republicans had been taken by surprise by Caesar’s bold advance on Rome He then turned his attention to Mithridatesnand defeated him and they had never expected forced him to cross escape to the Rubicon, this action started Crimea. Pompey annexed the Civil Warterritory of Mithridates and created a new Roman province out of his kingdom. In this war Later he conquered the Roman legions Seleucid Kingdom of Syria and turned on each otherthe Judean Kingdom into a client state. Pompey returned to Rome, in for a Triumph and was acclaimed as Pompey the words of the poet Lucan ‘Rome's high race plunged in her vitals her victorious sword’Great.<ref>LucanPlutarch. Life of Pompey, Pharsallia, 3, 656</ref>He tried to secure land for his veterans but he was blocked by many senators, who disliked him intently.  To secure his aims, he entered an agreement with Julius Caesar and Crassus. This arrangement the First Triumvirate brought some stability to Rome. Between them, the trio managed to secure their own appointment to key positions within the Roman Republic. They had their own supporters appointed as governors and the three men effectively ruled the Empire. Pompey had very few was able to secure command of legions at his disposal in Spain and was able to reorganize the region.  Later he decided could develop a new system to leave supply Rome and abandon Italy with food and this even surprised saved the city from famine. Caesar, who could not believe his luckwas able to secure an army for the conquest of Gaul. The Republicans then set up base in First Triumvirate ran into trouble with the Balkans defeat and assembled a large force by extorting money from allies such as Egypt and Rome’s client kingsdeath of Crassus in Parthia.<ref> Life of Crassus, p. 119</ref> The Caesarian army was able Triumvirate ended when Caesar refused to land in modern day Albaniadisband his armies after his conquest of Gaul, and he marched on Rome. Pompey displayed some of led the senatorial opposition to Caesar, despite his old military skill earlier poor relations with this group. He was forced to inflict a minor defeat on Caesarflee Italy. In 46 BCE. The battle he was significant defeated by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus in that it left the Caesarian army Balkans. In 48 BCE, he was assassinated in Egypt by a perilous position, with its supplies running lowrenegade Roman soldier. The Republican legions did not press home its advantage and it allowed Caesar to regroup and launch an attack<ref> HollandGoldsworthy, p. 119213</ref>.  ====Pompey and Spain====Pompey had missed the chance with another commander helped to inflict a heavy defeat on the enemy and possibly end the warrule of Sertorius. It is possible that He was a supporter of Marius and he may not have has been able to act decisively because win the support of interference from the many Senators who were present native Celtiberian tribes. Sertorius proved to be an excellent commander and he was able to carve out an independent state for himself in his headquartersSpain. Plutarch believed that Pompey played a critical role in the Republicans defeat of Sertorius and especially his successor and reintegrating Spain into the Empire. Pompey had become overconfident ‘’ Pompey…… wrote was a gifted administrator, and he reorganized the Provinces in Spain. For the first time, the Romans were able to govern Spain effectively.  In the words of Plutarch, "he remained in Spain long enough to distant kings quell the greatest disorders and generals compose and cities settle such affairs as were in the tone most inflammatory state."<ref> Plutarch, Life of Pompey, 45</ref> Pompey also established a victor’’ patronage network in the region, and this greatly extended Roman influence among the many disparate Spanish tribes. During the course of the war with Sertorius, Pompey had pacified tribes that had long defied Roman rule.<ref> Plutarch, Life of Sertorius, 16</ref>  ====Pompey 1and the Settlement of the East====[[File: Mithridates VI Louvre.jpg |300px|thumbnail|left|Mithridates IV of Pontus]]Pompey conquered large areas of the Near East. Among the territories that he conquered were part of Turkey, all of Syria, Lebanon and Israel. He established a system for administrating these newly conquered territories. He established new provinces such as Syria. He appointed governors and established a Roman administration in these new provinces. 62<ref> Goldsworthy, p. 217</ref> Pompey was quick to see that Judea's Jews would not accept direct Roman rule. HoweverHe, therefore, Caesar was created a military genius ‘temple-state’ centered on Jerusalem. A priestly-elite controlled Judea, and they served the interests of Rome. Pompey was simply out-thought by one did not absorb all the territories that he conquered, especially most of those kingdoms that had been part of the greatest commanders Empire of all timeMithridates or his allies.  Pompey and his army was totally defeated believed that these territories could be effectively directly ruled by the Caesar at PharsalusRome. After this battlethe death of Mithridates in 63, the Republicans were no longer able to challenge him and he was master established a series of client kingdoms. He made his protégé Tigranes king in Armenia, who paid Pompey very well for the honor. The Roman RepublicGeneral also turned the Bosphoran Kingdom in the Crimea into a client state, it would stay a client of Rome until the mid-4th century. Pompey also established a series of protectorates in the Caucuses, although some Republican forces continued such as Colchis (modern Georgia) on the Black Sea. These client kingdoms and protectorates created a defensive frontier system to resist the Cesarean army last for some yearsmore than half a millennium. The failure of Pompey in was the Civil War meant that architect of the fall Roman East, and this is regarded as his greatest achievement.  However, he is widely blamed for a great diplomatic mistake. During his conquest of the Roman East he met with envoys of the Parthian Empire . This was inevitablea large empire based in modern Iran and Iraq that had a formidable army. The Parthian King offered Rome a peace treaty but Pompey had failed rejected this with great arrogance. Many believed that this led to save many conflicts between Rome and the Parthian Empire in subsequent decades and centuries.<ref> Goldsworthy, p. 156</ref>  <dh-ad/> ====Pompey and the Roman Food Supply====Pompey was essential in developing the Annona or the supply of free or subsidized grain for Roman Republic citizens. The city’s hinterland was unable to grow enough food for the city, and it is estimated that up to 90% of the city’s food had to be imported. Pompey played a crucial role in the development of the Annona. He was entrusted during his war with Caesarthe Pirates to safeguard the sea lanes. He cleared the Eastern Mediterranean of pirates. He then turned his attention to the food supply of Rome.  Pompey established a system whereby grain from Sicily, Egypt, and North Africa was exported to Rome by sea. This grain was then distributed to the populace of Rome. After Pharsalus<ref> Garnsey, Caesar Peter. Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Response to Rise and Crisis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998)p. 231</ref> Pompey used this grain to secure support the city and later his heir Augustus began establishing to establish social stability in the Imperial city. This food distribution system that was first developed by Pompey the Great was briefly abandoned but was resurrected during Augustus's reign. It was to remain in Romeplace for several centuries and played a key role in Rome’s economy, society, and even politics.<ref> Garnsey, p 117</ref> ====Pompey and the Civil War====